Ivan Urits, MDExpert Witness & Medico-legal Consulting
Ivan Urits, MD

About Dr. Urits

Ivan Urits, MD is a Harvard-trained interventional pain physician. He is Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine by the American Board of Anesthesiology.

  • Anesthesiology residency, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
  • Interventional pain medicine fellowship, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School

Independent opinions on standard of care, causation, and future care. For plaintiff and defense counsel.

At a glance

  • 412 PubMed-indexed publications
  • 3 edited textbooks (Springer, Elsevier, Cambridge University Press)
  • MD, Georgetown University School of Medicine
  • Former Section Editor, Current Pain and Headache Reports; former Associate Editor, Annals of Medicine
  • Licensed in Massachusetts and Rhode Island

How Dr. Urits helps

  • Expert witness. Written report on request. Deposition and trial testimony, in person or remote.
  • Consulting. Case review and expert opinion.
  • Care reviewed: physicians, nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), and nurse practitioners.
  • IMEs: in Chestnut Hill, MA, by appointment.

Pain medicine and anesthesia matters, including CRPS, spinal cord stimulators, nerve blocks, and sedation. See all case types

Case Types

Medical malpractice and personal injury matters involving pain medicine or anesthesia. For plaintiff and defense.

CRPS (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome)

Whether the diagnosis meets accepted criteria (such as the Budapest criteria), causation after injury or surgery, and future care.

Pain Medicine

  • Spinal cord stimulators and neuromodulation
  • Failed back surgery syndrome
  • Intrathecal pain pumps
  • Peripheral nerve stimulation
  • Headache and migraine procedures
  • Opioid prescribing and monitoring
  • Pain procedure complications (injections, ablations, devices)
  • Spine injury and post-traumatic pain

Anesthesia & Perioperative Care

  • Regional anesthesia, nerve blocks, and alleged nerve injury
  • Sedation and monitored anesthesia care (MAC)
  • Monitoring and postoperative complications
  • Obstetric anesthesia and labor epidurals
  • Perioperative and intraoperative care
  • Airway management and intubation injuries
  • Anesthesia medications and medication errors
  • Informed consent

Questions he addresses

Standard of care · Causation · Medical necessity · Future care and cost

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Blog · Featured article

Pain Medicine

Diagnosing Long-Standing CRPS: A Summary of New ASIPP Guidance

Published Oct 6, 2026

A short summary of ASIPP guidance that builds on the Budapest criteria with time-based diagnostic criteria for chronic complex regional pain syndrome.

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Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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← Back to Blog Regional Anesthesia

Nerve Injury After a Nerve Block

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Oct 4, 2026

Peripheral nerve blocks are a routine part of anesthesia for shoulder, knee, hip, hand, foot, and many other operations. When a patient wakes up with numbness, weakness, or burning pain that does not go away, the block is often the first thing blamed. Sometimes the block is the cause. Often something else is, or several things are.

Two questions matter. Was the block indicated and performed within accepted practice? And was the injury caused by the block, or by the surgery, positioning, a tourniquet, or a condition the patient already had? This article explains how a physician works through those questions, and which records usually answer them.

How often do nerve blocks cause lasting nerve injury?

The published literature makes a clear distinction between temporary symptoms and permanent injury.

  • A review of 32 studies by Brull and colleagues (Anesthesia & Analgesia, 2007) estimated neuropathy rates of about 2.84 per 100 after interscalene blocks, 1.48 per 100 after axillary blocks, and 0.34 per 100 after femoral blocks. The authors concluded that permanent neurologic injury after regional anesthesia is rare. Among 16 studies of peripheral nerve blocks, only one permanent neuropathy was reported.
  • A prospective audit of more than 7,000 peripheral nerve and plexus blocks by Barrington and colleagues (Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2009) found block-related nerve injury in 0.4 per 1,000 blocks. The authors concluded that new neurologic symptoms after surgery were most likely unrelated to the block.
  • A registry of 12,668 ultrasound-guided blocks by Sites and colleagues (Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2012) reported neurologic symptoms lasting longer than 5 days in 1.8 per 1,000 blocks, and longer than 6 months in 0.9 per 1,000.

Two practical points follow. First, short-lived symptoms after a block are fairly common, while lasting injury caused by the block is uncommon. Second, the fact that a complication is rare does not settle either question in a given case. A rare complication can happen with flawless technique. A common and harmless symptom can also hide a real injury that nobody followed up.

What standard-of-care review looks at

The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) has published practice advisories on neurologic complications, including The Second ASRA Practice Advisory on Neurologic Complications Associated With Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Neal and colleagues, 2015). That advisory addresses, among other topics, the role of ultrasound guidance and injection pressure monitoring, blocks given to patients who are anesthetized or deeply sedated, patients with pre-existing neurologic disease, and the nerve injury risk that comes with common orthopedic operations. It also includes a diagnostic and treatment algorithm for new deficits. It is a practice advisory, not a rulebook, and an expert should describe it that way.

A careful standard-of-care review usually asks:

  • Indication and choice of block. Was a block reasonable for this operation and this patient? Were patient risk factors, such as diabetes or an existing neuropathy, identified and weighed?
  • Informed consent. Was nerve injury discussed as a risk, along with the alternatives?
  • Patient state during placement. Was the patient awake, lightly sedated, or under general anesthesia? Could the patient report pain or paresthesia during the injection?
  • Technique. Was ultrasound used, a nerve stimulator, or both? How were needle position, injection, and any reported pain or paresthesia handled? No technique removes the risk entirely. Every block in the Sites registry was ultrasound-guided, and neurologic symptoms still occurred.
  • Drug, dose, and adjuvants. Were the local anesthetic and any additives appropriate in kind and amount?
  • Documentation. Is there a block note, a time-out, and, where available, saved ultrasound images?
  • Follow-up. When a deficit appeared, was it examined, documented, and referred in reasonable time?

The same questions apply whether the block was performed by an attending anesthesiologist, a trainee, or a nurse anesthetist (CRNA).

Causation: the block is one of several possible causes

Postoperative nerve injury often has more than one possible cause. When an expert evaluates causation, the usual candidates include:

  • direct or traction injury during the operation itself;
  • positioning and pressure during a long procedure;
  • tourniquet pressure and duration;
  • tight casts, splints, or dressings, or swelling and hematoma after surgery; and
  • a neuropathy the patient already had, whether diagnosed or not.

Several features help separate these causes. Anatomic distribution asks whether the deficit maps to the nerve that was blocked, to the surgical field, or to a pressure point. Timing asks whether symptoms were present right away, appeared after the block wore off, or developed later. Electrodiagnostic studies (EMG and nerve conduction studies), and when they were done, can help locate a lesion and estimate how old it is. Pre-existing findings in earlier records can show a condition that came before the procedure. A careful evaluation weighs the surgical and patient-related causes, not only the block.

Records that usually matter

  • Preoperative history and physical, including any documented neurologic exam
  • Consent forms for anesthesia and for the block
  • The anesthesia record and the block procedure note, with saved ultrasound images if any
  • The operative note, including positioning and tourniquet times
  • PACU, nursing, and physical therapy notes documenting sensation and strength
  • Follow-up notes, neurology consults, EMG and nerve conduction reports, and imaging
  • Prior records showing earlier neurologic symptoms or diagnoses

The published background behind this review

Dr. Urits co-authored Upper extremity regional anesthesia techniques: A comprehensive review for clinical anesthesiologists (Jones and colleagues, 2020). It covers the anatomy, techniques, and potential complications of the brachial plexus blocks and other upper extremity blocks. He was also first author of Truncal regional nerve blocks in clinical anesthesia practice (2019), which covers the techniques, indications, and complications of chest wall, abdominal, and paraspinal blocks. His opinions rest on the complete record, the peer-reviewed literature, and generally accepted methodology.

Key takeaways

  • Short-lived symptoms after a block are fairly common. Lasting injury caused by the block is uncommon, but it does happen.
  • Standard of care turns on indication, consent, technique, documentation, and follow-up, not on the outcome alone.
  • Causation calls for a structured look at surgical, positioning, tourniquet, and patient factors, as well as the block itself.
  • The block note, ultrasound images, operative note, and electrodiagnostic studies often show what happened.

References

  1. Brull R, McCartney CJ, Chan VW, El-Beheiry H. Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: contemporary estimates of risk. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(4):965-974. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17377115/
  2. Barrington MJ, Watts SA, Gledhill SR, et al. Preliminary results of the Australasian Regional Anaesthesia Collaboration: a prospective audit of more than 7000 peripheral nerve and plexus blocks for neurologic and other complications. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34(6):534-541. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19916206/
  3. Sites BD, Taenzer AH, Herrick MD, et al. Incidence of local anesthetic systemic toxicity and postoperative neurologic symptoms associated with 12,668 ultrasound-guided nerve blocks: an analysis from a prospective clinical registry. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37(5):478-482. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22705953/
  4. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Brull R, et al. The Second ASRA Practice Advisory on Neurologic Complications Associated With Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine: Executive Summary 2015. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015;40(5):401-430. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26288034/
  5. Jones MR, Novitch MB, Sen S, ..., Urits I, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Upper extremity regional anesthesia techniques: A comprehensive review for clinical anesthesiologists. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(1):e13-e29. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32334792/
  6. Urits I, Ostling PS, Novitch MB, et al. Truncal regional nerve blocks in clinical anesthesia practice. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2019;33(4):559-571. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31791571/

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Spinal Epidural Hematoma After Neuraxial Anesthesia

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Sep 30, 2026

Spinal and epidural anesthesia are used every day for joint replacement, cesarean delivery, labor analgesia, and many other procedures. A spinal or epidural hematoma, meaning bleeding into the spinal canal that presses on the spinal cord or nerve roots, is one of the rarest complications of these techniques. It is also one of the most serious, because permanent weakness, numbness, or bowel and bladder dysfunction can follow.

These cases tend to raise three groups of questions. The first is the decision to place the block, especially in a patient taking blood thinners. The second is whether early signs were recognized and acted on in time. The third is whether the neuraxial procedure caused the hematoma at all. This article sets out how a physician expert approaches each one.

Why a rare complication gets close scrutiny

The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) describes hemorrhagic complications of regional anesthesia as extremely rare and potentially catastrophic. Because they are so rare, large randomized trials are not feasible. Much of the guidance therefore comes from case series, pharmacology, and expert consensus. Vandermeulen and colleagues' review Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia (Anesthesia & Analgesia, 1994) is a foundational early paper on this question.

The guidelines that frame the standard-of-care discussion

ASRA publishes evidence-based guidelines on regional anesthesia in patients receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy.

  • Fourth edition (Horlocker and colleagues, 2018) in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine.
  • Fifth edition (Kopp and colleagues, 2025) in the same journal. The authors describe it as reviewing the evidence published since 2018 and keeping an "antihemorrhagic" approach that puts patient safety first. Where the evidence is limited, it proposes conservative times for stopping these medications before neural blockade. It replaces the terms "prophylactic" and "therapeutic" with "low dose" and "high dose." It also suggests when drug-specific laboratory assays may be helpful.

For obstetric patients, the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) published a consensus statement on anesthetic management of pregnant and postpartum women receiving thromboprophylaxis or higher-dose anticoagulants (Leffert and colleagues, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 2018).

Two points matter when care is reviewed. First, guidance has changed over time. An expert should identify which edition, and which institutional policy, was in place on the date of care, rather than judging earlier care against later recommendations. Second, guidelines support clinical judgment but do not replace it. Departing from a guideline with a documented rationale is different from not considering it at all.

Low platelet counts raise a related question. Dr. Urits co-authored Thrombocytopenia and neuraxial anesthesia: Are there platelet count thresholds? (Herman and colleagues, Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 2020). It examines whether a single platelet number can define when neuraxial anesthesia is safe.

Standard-of-care questions before the block

  • Was a complete medication history obtained, including anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, and over-the-counter agents, and was the timing of the last dose documented?
  • Were relevant laboratory values available and reviewed where indicated?
  • Were the risks and benefits of a neuraxial technique weighed against alternatives such as general anesthesia or a peripheral block?
  • Did the informed consent discussion cover bleeding and neurologic risk?
  • Were placement, any catheter, and later catheter removal timed appropriately against anticoagulant doses given before and after surgery?

Recognition and response after the block

Timing often matters most in these cases. In their meta-analysis of 613 patients with spinal hematoma, Kreppel and colleagues (Neurosurgical Review, 2003) found that 39.6% recovered completely. They identified MRI as the examination of first choice and surgical decompression as the treatment of choice. They also reported that patients with less severe symptoms before surgery, and those decompressed sooner, had better chances of complete recovery.

Typical record-review questions:

  • Were neurologic checks ordered and performed at reasonable intervals, particularly with an epidural catheter in place or anticoagulation resumed?
  • Was new or worsening weakness or numbness assessed promptly, rather than assumed to be the expected effect of the local anesthetic?
  • When concern arose, how long did it take to stop the infusion, obtain imaging, and consult a spine surgeon?
  • Was communication among anesthesia, nursing, and surgical teams documented?

A time-stamped reconstruction of the nursing flowsheets, medication administration record, imaging orders, and consult notes is often the core of the analysis.

Causation: not every spinal hematoma comes from the needle

Spinal hematomas also occur in patients who never had a neuraxial procedure. In Kreppel's series, no cause could be identified in up to 29.7% of cases. Hematomas linked to anticoagulant therapy and to vascular malformations were the second and third most common groups. Spinal and epidural procedures combined with anticoagulation ranked fifth. Causation analysis therefore considers:

  • the location and level of the hematoma relative to the puncture site;
  • the timing of symptoms relative to needle placement, catheter removal, and anticoagulant doses;
  • patient factors such as coagulopathy, kidney function, spinal anatomy, and vascular abnormalities; and
  • whether earlier recognition would likely have changed the neurologic outcome.

Dr. Urits has also written on spinal epidural hematoma outside the anesthesia setting. He is the author of a case report on the diagnosis and spontaneous resolution of an epidural hematoma after a cervical epidural steroid injection (Pain Management Case Reports, 2018).

Records that usually matter

  • Medication reconciliation and anticoagulant/antiplatelet administration records, with exact times
  • Coagulation and platelet results
  • Anesthesia record, neuraxial procedure note, and catheter insertion and removal documentation
  • Epidural infusion orders and pump records
  • Nursing neurologic assessments and PACU or labor and delivery flowsheets
  • MRI and CT orders and results with timestamps, plus neurosurgical consult and operative notes
  • The institution's neuraxial and anticoagulation policy in effect on the date of care

Key takeaways

  • Spinal epidural hematoma is rare. Safety questions usually center on anticoagulant timing, monitoring, and how quickly a new deficit was acted on.
  • ASRA's antithrombotic guidelines (fourth edition, 2018; fifth edition, 2025) and the SOAP obstetric consensus statement are central references. The version in effect on the date of care matters.
  • Causation requires separating procedure-related bleeding from spontaneous or anticoagulant-related hematomas, and analyzing whether timing affected the outcome.

References

  1. Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vermylen J. Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1994;79(6):1165-1177. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7978443/
  2. Horlocker TT, Vandermeuelen E, Kopp SL, et al. Regional Anesthesia in the Patient Receiving Antithrombotic or Thrombolytic Therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (Fourth Edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(3):263-309. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29561531/
  3. Kopp SL, Vandermeulen E, McBane RD, Perlas A, Leffert L, Horlocker T. Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (fifth edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025. doi:10.1136/rapm-2024-105766. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39880411/
  4. Leffert L, Butwick A, Carvalho B, et al. The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Consensus Statement on the Anesthetic Management of Pregnant and Postpartum Women Receiving Thromboprophylaxis or Higher Dose Anticoagulants. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(3):928-944. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29099429/
  5. Kreppel D, Antoniadis G, Seeling W. Spinal hematoma: a literature survey with meta-analysis of 613 patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2003;26(1):1-49. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12520314/
  6. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Thrombocytopenia and neuraxial anesthesia: Are there platelet count thresholds? J Clin Anesth. 2020;63:109751. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32145501/
  7. Urits I. Diagnosis and spontaneous resolution of an epidural hematoma in a patient presenting after cervical epidural steroid injection. Pain Management Case Reports. 2018. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2018/2/213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2018/2/213 (not indexed in PubMed)

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST)

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Sep 26, 2026

Local anesthetics are among the most widely used drugs in medicine. They are given for nerve blocks, epidurals, and spinals, and they are also injected by surgeons, dentists, dermatologists, and other clinicians who infiltrate tissue directly. When enough local anesthetic reaches the bloodstream, it can affect the brain and the heart. This is called local anesthetic systemic toxicity, or LAST. It may begin with agitation, a metallic taste, or ringing in the ears, and it can progress to seizures, dangerous heart rhythms, or cardiac arrest.

LAST is uncommon, but it is time-critical. When it leads to a bad outcome, three questions matter. Was the dose and technique reasonable? Was the patient monitored closely enough that toxicity would be noticed early? And once it was noticed, did the team respond the way published guidance describes? This article explains how a physician expert approaches each question.

How often does LAST occur?

The published figures are low, but they are not zero.

  • A prospective registry of 12,668 ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks by Sites and colleagues (Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2012) recorded seizures at 0.08 per 1,000 blocks and no cardiac arrests. The authors concluded that LAST is extremely uncommon in that setting.
  • A review of recent case reports and registries by Gitman and Barrington (Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2018) found 47 published cases from March 2014 to November 2016. Penile blocks accounted for 23% and local infiltration for 17%, with the rest from extremity, torso, and neuraxial blocks. Seizure was the most common presenting feature. Registry data put the incidence at about 0.27 per 1,000 peripheral nerve blocks.

Two points follow. First, LAST is not limited to anesthesiologists or to the operating room. Second, a low rate does not answer whether a particular event was preventable or was managed well.

The guidance that frames the standard-of-care discussion

The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) has published practice advisories on LAST. The third advisory (Neal and colleagues, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2018) updates recommendations on prevention, recognition, and treatment. It describes a trend toward delayed presentation, which the authors link to ultrasound guidance, local infiltration techniques, and continuous infusions. It identifies small patient size and sarcopenia as added risk factors. It also notes that a growing number of events occur outside the traditional hospital setting and involve clinicians other than anesthesiologists.

ASRA also publishes a one-page checklist for managing LAST. The 2020 version (Neal, Neal, and Weinberg, 2021) was updated in response to user feedback, simulation studies, and advances in medical knowledge. In general terms, the checklist covers calling for help, airway management, seizure control, early use of lipid emulsion therapy, and changes to standard cardiac life support. An expert should identify which version was current on the date of care, and should describe these documents as practice advisories and cognitive aids rather than rigid rules.

Prevention: what the records should show

A careful review of prevention usually asks:

  • Drug and dose. Which local anesthetic was used, at what concentration and total volume? Was the total dose reasonable for the patient's size, age, and medical condition? Were doses from different clinicians, such as a block followed by surgical infiltration, added together?
  • Adjuvants. Were additives used to extend the block? Adjuvants may allow a smaller total local anesthetic dose, a point discussed in the regional anesthesia literature.
  • Technique. Was injection incremental, with pauses to watch for warning signs? Was aspiration or a test dose used where appropriate? Was ultrasound used, and is the needle and spread documented?
  • Monitoring. Was the patient on standard monitors during and after the injection? Was someone watching who could recognize early symptoms?
  • Delayed risk. For continuous catheters or large infiltrations, did monitoring continue long enough to catch a delayed reaction?

Recognition and rescue

Because symptoms can be subtle at first, record review often focuses on the timeline. When did the first unusual symptom appear? Was it charted? How long was it until a seizure, arrhythmia, or collapse, and what happened in between?

Typical rescue questions include:

  • Was lipid emulsion available in the area where the block or injection took place?
  • Was it given, and when, relative to the first signs of toxicity?
  • Were seizures treated and the airway supported promptly?
  • If cardiac arrest occurred, was resuscitation adjusted for local anesthetic toxicity, as the ASRA checklist describes?
  • Was the patient observed for an appropriate period afterward, given that cardiovascular instability can recur?

The code sheet, anesthesia record, nursing notes, and pharmacy records often have different timestamps. Reconciling them is usually the core of the analysis.

Causation questions

Not every seizure or arrhythmia near the time of a block is LAST. An expert considers other causes, such as a pre-existing seizure disorder, cardiac disease, low blood sugar, other medications given at the same time, or a vasovagal event. The timing of symptoms relative to the injection, the total dose, and any measured drug levels can help separate these possibilities. Where LAST is confirmed, the separate question is whether earlier recognition or faster treatment would likely have changed the outcome.

Records that usually matter

  • The anesthesia record and block procedure note, including drug, concentration, volume, and timing
  • The operative note and any surgical infiltration doses
  • Medication administration records and pharmacy dispensing records
  • Monitoring data and vital-sign trends, including any downloaded monitor data
  • Code or rapid-response records, with timestamps
  • The facility's LAST protocol and the location of lipid emulsion on the date of care

The published background behind this review

Dr. Urits was first author of A Comprehensive Review and Update of the Use of Dexmedetomidine for Regional Blocks (Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 2020). It reviews dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant in regional blocks and notes that adjuvants that prolong sensory and motor block can reduce the total amount of local anesthetic needed. He also co-authored Buprenorphine as an adjuvant to local anesthetics in peripheral nerve blocks (Korean Journal of Pain, 2019). His opinions rest on the complete record, the peer-reviewed literature, and generally accepted methodology.

Key takeaways

  • LAST is uncommon, but it occurs across many specialties and settings, not only in anesthesia.
  • Prevention questions center on total dose, incremental injection, and monitoring.
  • Rescue questions center on recognition, the availability and timing of lipid emulsion, and resuscitation measured against the ASRA guidance in effect at the time.
  • A clear, time-stamped timeline is usually the key to understanding what happened.

References

  1. Sites BD, Taenzer AH, Herrick MD, et al. Incidence of local anesthetic systemic toxicity and postoperative neurologic symptoms associated with 12,668 ultrasound-guided nerve blocks: an analysis from a prospective clinical registry. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37(5):478-482. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22705953/
  2. Gitman M, Barrington MJ. Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity: A Review of Recent Case Reports and Registries. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(2):124-130. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29303925/
  3. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Fettiplace MR, et al. The Third American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice Advisory on Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity: Executive Summary 2017. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(2):113-123. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29356773/
  4. Neal JM, Neal EJ, Weinberg GL. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity checklist: 2020 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(1):81-82. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33148630/
  5. Urits I, Virgen CG, Alattar H, et al. A Comprehensive Review and Update of the Use of Dexmedetomidine for Regional Blocks. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):121-141. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33633422/
  6. Viswanath O, Urits I. Buprenorphine as an adjuvant to local anesthetics in peripheral nerve blocks. Korean J Pain. 2019;32(3):231-232. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31257833/

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Informed Consent for Nerve Blocks and Epidurals

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Sep 22, 2026

A nerve block or epidural is often added to an operation for pain control, or used in place of general anesthesia. Many patients meet the anesthesia team only minutes before the procedure, sometimes after they have already signed a surgical consent form. When a complication follows, a familiar question comes up: was the patient told about this risk, and did the patient agree to the block?

This article covers the medical side: which risks and alternatives are relevant to a given block, what a typical anesthesia consent discussion includes, and what the records do and do not show.

Why regional anesthesia consent is its own conversation

Consent for surgery and consent for anesthesia are related, but they are not the same thing. The surgeon explains the operation. The anesthesia clinician explains the anesthetic plan, which may include a peripheral nerve block, a spinal, an epidural, or a catheter left in place after surgery. Many facilities use a separate anesthesia consent form for this reason. Others include anesthesia language in a combined form. Either way, a review usually starts by identifying who discussed the block, when, and what was written down.

What a disclosure of regional anesthesia risks typically covers

The risks that are medically relevant depend on the block, the patient, and the operation. Common topics include:

  • Block failure or incomplete block, and the possibility of needing additional medication or general anesthesia.
  • Nerve injury, including the difference between short-lived numbness or tingling and lasting injury.
  • Bleeding and infection, which matter more for neuraxial techniques and for patients on blood thinners.
  • Local anesthetic systemic toxicity, a rare but serious drug reaction.
  • Block-specific risks, such as breathing effects from blocks near the diaphragm nerve, a punctured lung with some chest wall and upper extremity blocks, or headache after a spinal or epidural.
  • Practical effects, such as a numb or weak limb after surgery and the need to protect it, or fall risk after lower extremity blocks.
  • Alternatives, including general anesthesia alone, other pain-control approaches, or a different block.

Published risk estimates help frame which risks are common and which are rare. In a review of 32 studies, Brull and colleagues (Anesthesia & Analgesia, 2007) estimated neuropathy rates of about 3.78 per 10,000 after spinal anesthesia and 2.19 per 10,000 after epidural anesthesia. For peripheral blocks, the estimated rates were about 2.84 per 100 after interscalene blocks, 1.48 per 100 after axillary blocks, and 0.34 per 100 after femoral blocks. The authors concluded that permanent neurologic injury after regional anesthesia is rare. Figures like these are often what a clinician has in mind when describing a risk as "uncommon" or "rare."

How consent is documented

In practice, consent documentation for a block may appear in several places:

  • a signed anesthesia consent form, with or without block-specific language;
  • a preoperative anesthesia evaluation note that mentions the discussion;
  • the block procedure note, which may record that risks, benefits, and alternatives were discussed;
  • a time-out record confirming the procedure, side, and site; and
  • for labor epidurals, a note written during labor, sometimes while the patient was in significant pain.

A standard form alone may not show which risks were discussed in words. A detailed note may fill that gap. A missing or unsigned form does not by itself show that no discussion took place.

What consent questions often turn on medically

From a medical point of view, consent questions in regional anesthesia cases often center on:

  • Was the specific block discussed? A general consent for "anesthesia" may or may not mention a nerve block, a catheter, or the side and site.
  • Was the injury one that is typically disclosed? Common or serious risks of the chosen block are the usual focus.
  • Was the patient able to take part? Sedation, pain, language barriers, and timing can all affect the discussion. Whether an interpreter was used is often documented.
  • Did the plan change? If a different block or technique was used than the one discussed, the record should explain why.
  • Were alternatives realistic? For some patients and operations, general anesthesia carries its own risks. The medical comparison is part of the picture.

Consent problems also matter in interventional pain procedures. In a pilot analysis of 82 interventional pain malpractice cases, Kamath and colleagues (Pain Physician, 2020), a study Dr. Urits co-authored, reported that procedural error was the leading reason claims were brought, followed by lack of informed consent and an unnecessary procedure being performed.

Records that usually matter

  • Surgical and anesthesia consent forms, including any block-specific forms
  • The preoperative anesthesia evaluation
  • The block or neuraxial procedure note and time-out documentation
  • Interpreter records, and nursing notes describing the patient's condition before the block
  • Medication records showing any sedation given before the discussion or the block
  • Patient education materials the facility used on the date of care

The published background behind this review

Dr. Urits co-authored Upper extremity regional anesthesia techniques: A comprehensive review for clinical anesthesiologists (Jones and colleagues, 2020), which covers the anatomy, techniques, and potential complications of upper extremity blocks. He was first author of Truncal regional nerve blocks in clinical anesthesia practice (2019), which covers the techniques, indications, and complications of chest wall, abdominal, and paraspinal blocks. His opinions rest on the complete record, the peer-reviewed literature, and generally accepted methodology.

Key takeaways

  • Consent for a nerve block or epidural is often separate from surgical consent, and the record may be spread across several documents.
  • The medically relevant risks depend on the specific block, the patient, and the operation.
  • Published risk estimates help explain which risks are common and which are rare.
  • Patients should be able to take part in the discussion, and the record should show what was discussed.

References

  1. Brull R, McCartney CJ, Chan VW, El-Beheiry H. Neurological complications after regional anesthesia: contemporary estimates of risk. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(4):965-974. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17377115/
  2. Kamath D, McIntyre S, Byerly S, et al. Descriptive Analysis of Federal and State Interventional Pain Malpractice Litigation in the United States: A Pilot Investigation. Pain Physician. 2020;23(4):413-422. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32709176/
  3. Jones MR, Novitch MB, Sen S, ..., Urits I, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Upper extremity regional anesthesia techniques: A comprehensive review for clinical anesthesiologists. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(1):e13-e29. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32334792/
  4. Urits I, Ostling PS, Novitch MB, et al. Truncal regional nerve blocks in clinical anesthesia practice. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2019;33(4):559-571. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31791571/

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Accidental Dural Puncture and Post-Dural Puncture Headache

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Sep 18, 2026

The dura is the tough membrane that surrounds the spinal fluid. An epidural needle is meant to stop just outside it. Sometimes it goes through, which is called an accidental or unintentional dural puncture. The dura is also punctured on purpose during a spinal anesthetic or a lumbar puncture. In either case, spinal fluid can leak, and some patients develop a post-dural puncture headache (PDPH). It is typically worse when sitting or standing and better when lying flat.

Most cases of PDPH are temporary. Some are severe, some last longer than expected, and in rare cases the headache masks or is confused with a more serious problem. When PDPH care is reviewed, the questions usually concern recognition, treatment choices, and whether symptoms were followed up appropriately. This article explains how a physician expert approaches them.

Is a dural puncture itself below the standard of care?

Accidental dural puncture is a recognized complication of epidural placement, even in experienced hands. On its own, it does not show that a procedure was performed improperly. Review usually focuses on what happened next: whether the puncture was recognized and documented, whether the patient was told, whether the plan was adjusted, and whether follow-up was arranged.

How common is PDPH, and how is it treated?

Dr. Urits co-authored A Comprehensive Update on the Treatment and Management of Postdural Puncture Headache (Patel and colleagues, Current Pain and Headache Reports, 2020). The review reports that the overall incidence of PDPH after neuraxial procedures varies from 6% to 36%, and that PDPH most often resolves within a week without treatment. For mild PDPH, it describes conservative measures such as bed rest and oral caffeine. For moderate to severe PDPH, it describes the epidural blood patch as the most effective treatment, while noting that this invasive treatment carries its own risks. Less invasive options studied include sphenopalatine ganglion blocks and greater occipital nerve blocks.

The consensus guidelines

In 2023 and 2024, a multisociety international working group published evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on PDPH (Uppal and colleagues), with a summary report in JAMA Network Open and the full report in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. The group developed 10 review questions and generated 50 recommendations on risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, and management. It reached a high level of consensus on all statements. Several recommendations, however, had moderate-to-low certainty of evidence, and the authors noted that uncertainty remains about best practice for most management approaches.

This matters in two ways. First, these guidelines were published in 2023 and 2024. Care given earlier should be judged against the guidance and practice of its own time. Second, low-certainty recommendations leave room for reasonable clinical judgment.

Standard-of-care questions after a dural puncture

  • Recognition and documentation. Was the dural puncture noticed at the time and written in the procedure note?
  • Communication. Was the patient told, and were the anesthesia team, nursing staff, and (for labor) the obstetric team informed?
  • Follow-up. Was the patient seen or contacted afterward, including after discharge from labor and delivery or an outpatient center?
  • Evaluation of headache. Was the headache assessed for features consistent with PDPH, and were other causes considered when the pattern was atypical?
  • Treatment. Were conservative options and an epidural blood patch discussed and offered when appropriate? Was timing explained?
  • Red flags. Were neurologic changes, fever, a change in headache pattern, or very high blood pressure evaluated promptly?

The last point deserves emphasis. Headache after childbirth or surgery has many causes. A careful review considers whether serious alternatives, such as bleeding around the brain, venous clot, infection, or pre-eclampsia, were reasonably considered when the picture did not fit.

Longer-term outcomes: what the pilot studies show

Long-term effects of PDPH and epidural blood patch are less well studied. Dr. Urits has co-authored three pilot studies on this question, and they should be read together.

  • In a pilot study of 146 patients who had PDPH after labor analgesia (Current Pain and Headache Reports, 2020), patients treated with an epidural blood patch were more likely to report chronic low back pain. The authors called for further prospective research.
  • In a pilot study of 49 patients who had a lumbar puncture (Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 2020), there was no increased risk of chronic low back pain in those who received an epidural blood patch compared with those who did not. The authors noted the small sample size and that no definitive conclusion can be drawn.
  • A related pilot study of 49 lumbar puncture patients (Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 2020) found no significant difference in current chronic headache between the blood patch and no-blood-patch groups (54% vs. 52%). It suggested that tinnitus could be a long-term residual symptom.

These are small pilot studies with different patient groups. They raise questions for research. They do not establish that a blood patch causes or does not cause long-term problems in any individual patient.

Records that usually matter

  • The neuraxial procedure note, including any documented dural puncture and the needle used
  • Labor and delivery, PACU, and nursing notes describing headache and position-related symptoms
  • Discharge instructions and follow-up calls or visits
  • Blood patch procedure notes and consent
  • Neurology consults and imaging, if obtained
  • Later records documenting headache, back pain, or other symptoms

The published background behind this review

In addition to the review and pilot studies above, Dr. Urits was first author of a published report on combining a sphenopalatine ganglion block with greater and lesser occipital nerve blocks for PDPH (Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 2019). His opinions rest on the complete record, the peer-reviewed literature, and generally accepted methodology.

Key takeaways

  • Accidental dural puncture is a known complication of epidural placement. What follows it usually matters more than the puncture itself.
  • Most PDPH resolves. Epidural blood patch is the most effective treatment for moderate to severe cases but has its own risks.
  • The 2023–2024 multisociety guidelines are central references, but many of their recommendations rest on limited evidence.
  • Evidence on long-term outcomes comes largely from small studies with mixed findings.

References

  1. Patel R, Urits I, Orhurhu V, et al. A Comprehensive Update on the Treatment and Management of Postdural Puncture Headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(6):24. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32323013/
  2. Uppal V, Russell R, Sondekoppam R, et al. Consensus Practice Guidelines on Postdural Puncture Headache From a Multisociety, International Working Group: A Summary Report. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(8):e2325387. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37581893/
  3. Uppal V, Russell R, Sondekoppam RV, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on postdural puncture headache: a consensus report from a multisociety international working group. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2024;49(7):471-501. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37582578/
  4. Urits I, Cai V, Aner M, et al. Post Dural Puncture Headache, Managed with Epidural Blood Patch, Is Associated with Subsequent Chronic Low Back Pain in Patients: a Pilot Study. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(1):1. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31916041/
  5. Hasoon J, Urits I, Burroughs M, et al. Epidural Blood Patch does not Contribute to the Development of Chronic Low Back Pain in Patients who Undergo Lumbar Punctures: A Pilot Study. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):17-24. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33633414/
  6. Hasoon J, Urits I, Al-Jumah R, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Post Dural Puncture Headache Treated With Epidural Blood Patch: A Pilot Study. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):25-32. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33633415/
  7. Urits I, Viswanath O, Orhurhu V, et al. Sphenopalatine ganglion block in combination with greater and lesser occipital nerve blocks for the management of post dural puncture headache. J Clin Anesth. 2019;52:69-70. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30218883/

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Labor Epidural Complications

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Sep 14, 2026

Labor epidurals are among the most common anesthetic procedures performed. Spinal and combined spinal-epidural techniques are also widely used, and neuraxial anesthesia is the usual choice for cesarean delivery. Most of these procedures go smoothly. When one does not, the setting adds complexity. There are two patients, the mother and the baby. Labor moves quickly. Several teams share responsibility, and the obstetric plan can change from a vaginal delivery to an urgent cesarean in minutes.

Labor epidural complications raise the same core safety questions as other neuraxial procedures: placement, monitoring, recognition, and response. They also raise obstetric-specific issues. This article outlines how a physician expert approaches them.

How often do serious complications occur?

The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) created the Serious Complication Repository Project to measure this. D'Angelo and colleagues (Anesthesiology, 2014) reported data from 30 institutions over about five years, covering more than 257,000 anesthetics. They recorded 157 serious complications, 85 of which were anesthesia related. The most frequent were high neuraxial block, respiratory arrest in labor and delivery, and unrecognized spinal catheter. Overall, a serious complication occurred in about 1 in 3,000 obstetric anesthetics. Because each type was rare, the authors could not identify risk factors for each one. They recommended that anesthesia providers stay vigilant and be prepared to diagnose and treat complications rapidly.

Standard-of-care questions at placement

  • Pre-procedure evaluation. Was a focused history obtained, including bleeding history, medications, airway assessment, and relevant conditions?
  • Anticoagulation and platelets. Was the timing of any blood thinner documented, and were relevant laboratory values reviewed when indicated?
  • Consent. Was the discussion documented, recognizing that it often takes place during painful labor?
  • Technique. Is the level, the approach, any difficulty, any dural puncture, and the catheter depth documented?
  • Test dosing and catheter checks. Was the catheter tested in a way meant to detect placement in a vein or the spinal fluid space before larger doses were given?

Monitoring, recognition, and response during labor

The complications D'Angelo and colleagues found most often, high block, respiratory arrest, and unrecognized spinal catheter, are ones in which monitoring and early recognition matter most.

  • Block height and level of consciousness. Were sensory level, motor block, and the patient's alertness and breathing checked at reasonable intervals, especially after top-ups?
  • Blood pressure and fetal heart rate. Were drops in maternal blood pressure treated promptly, and was the obstetric team informed of changes?
  • Catheter migration and handoffs. Was the catheter re-evaluated when the block became too dense, one-sided, or ineffective? Were bolus doses and handoffs between clinicians documented?
  • Conversion to cesarean delivery. If an existing epidural was used for an urgent cesarean, was it adequate, and was the decision to use or replace it reasonable given the urgency?
  • Resuscitation readiness. Were airway equipment, medications, and staff available on the labor unit?

Anticoagulation in obstetric patients

SOAP published a consensus statement on the anesthetic management of pregnant and postpartum women receiving thromboprophylaxis or higher-dose anticoagulants (Leffert and colleagues, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 2018). The statement weighs the risks of a neuraxial procedure in the presence of anticoagulation against the competing risks of general anesthesia with a potentially difficult airway, and against harm to the mother or baby from avoiding or delaying neuraxial anesthesia. It also provides decision aids and approaches to multidisciplinary communication. Hematoma questions are covered in more detail in Week 2 of this series.

After delivery

Many problems involve events after the baby is born.

  • Headache. Accidental dural puncture and post-dural puncture headache are discussed in our post on dural puncture and post-dural puncture headache. Headache after delivery has several possible causes, so the evaluation documented in the chart matters.
  • Prolonged numbness or weakness. Was a block that lasted longer than expected examined and followed? Childbirth itself can injure nerves through pressure or positioning, so the timing and pattern of the deficit are central to causation.
  • Back pain and catheter-site problems. Was the site examined if there was fever, redness, severe pain, or a new neurologic change?

Causation in obstetric neuraxial cases

Causation can be complicated in this setting. Nerve injuries can come from labor and delivery, from prolonged pushing or positioning, or from the neuraxial procedure. Low blood pressure, bleeding, pre-eclampsia, and medications can all affect both the mother and the baby. An expert sorts these possibilities using the timeline, the anatomic pattern of any deficit, monitoring data, and the obstetric record, and stays within the anesthesiology issues rather than offering opinions reserved for other specialties.

Records that usually matter

  • The anesthesia record and neuraxial procedure note, including catheter depth and any dural puncture
  • Epidural pump records and bolus or top-up documentation
  • Labor and delivery nursing flowsheets, with maternal vital signs and block assessments
  • Fetal heart rate tracings and the obstetric record
  • Medication administration records, including anticoagulant timing
  • Postpartum notes, neurology consults, and imaging
  • The unit's labor analgesia and anticoagulation policies on the date of care

The published background behind this review

Dr. Urits co-authored a report on greater occipital nerve blocks for treating post-dural puncture headache after labor epidural (Hasoon and colleagues, Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia, 2020). He co-authored Racial disparities in obstetric outcomes and anesthetic techniques for deliveries (Herman and colleagues, Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 2022). He also co-authored a report on cerebrospinal fluid removal during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in a patient with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (Hasoon and colleagues, Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy, 2020). His opinions rest on the complete record, the peer-reviewed literature, and generally accepted methodology.

Key takeaways

  • Serious obstetric anesthesia complications are rare, about 1 in 3,000 in the SOAP repository. The most frequent were high block, respiratory arrest, and unrecognized spinal catheter.
  • Monitoring of block height, breathing, and blood pressure, and the response to changes, are often central.
  • The SOAP anticoagulation consensus statement frames risk-benefit decisions in pregnant and postpartum patients.
  • Causation requires separating anesthesia-related effects from the effects of labor, delivery, and obstetric conditions.

References

  1. D'Angelo R, Smiley RM, Riley ET, Segal S. Serious complications related to obstetric anesthesia: the serious complication repository project of the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(6):1505-1512. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24845921/
  2. Leffert L, Butwick A, Carvalho B, et al. The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Consensus Statement on the Anesthetic Management of Pregnant and Postpartum Women Receiving Thromboprophylaxis or Higher Dose Anticoagulants. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(3):928-944. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29099429/
  3. Hasoon J, Berger A, Urits I, Orhurhu V. Greater occipital nerve blocks for the treatment of postdural puncture headache after labor epidural. Saudi J Anaesth. 2020;14(2):262-263. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32317891/
  4. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Racial disparities in obstetric outcomes and anesthetic techniques for deliveries. J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:109989. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32718775/
  5. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Orhurhu V, Munnur U. Cerebrospinal fluid removal during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery in a patient with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2020;52(3):259-260. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32876416/

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Epidural Steroid Injection Complications

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Oct 2, 2026

Epidural steroid injections are among the most common procedures in pain medicine. They are used for radiating arm or leg pain from a herniated disc, spinal stenosis, and related conditions. Most are uneventful. Rarely, a complication changes a patient's life: spinal cord injury, stroke, a spinal hematoma, a serious infection, or a persistent headache after a dural puncture.

Because the procedure is so common and the serious complications are so rare, these cases tend to focus on whether recognized safety steps were followed and whether a problem was recognized and acted on in time. This article explains how a physician expert in pain medicine reviews those questions.

The main complications

  • Spinal cord injury and stroke. These catastrophic injuries are rare. They have been linked to injection into an artery that supplies the spinal cord or brain, particularly with transforaminal injections.
  • Epidural hematoma. Bleeding into the spinal canal can press on the cord or nerve roots. Blood-thinning medications are a key consideration.
  • Infection. Epidural abscess and meningitis are rare but serious.
  • Dural puncture. The needle can enter the spinal fluid space, causing headache or, if medication is injected there, unexpected effects.
  • Steroid-related effects. Elevated blood sugar and other systemic effects can follow, especially in patients with diabetes.

The consensus safeguards

In 2015, a multidisciplinary working group convened with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Safe Use Initiative and 13 specialty societies published Safeguards to prevent neurologic complications after epidural steroid injections (Rathmell and colleagues, Anesthesiology, 2015). The group produced 17 clinical considerations aimed at improving safety. They address transforaminal and interlaminar injections specifically, including the use of nonparticulate steroid, anatomic considerations, and the use of radiographic guidance. The authors concluded that adherence to the recommended practices should reduce neurologic injuries.

Approach also matters for transforaminal injections. Dr. Urits co-authored The Infraneural Approach to Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections (Hasoon and colleagues, Orthopedic Reviews, 2026). The review explains that the region traditionally targeted, called the "safe triangle," may contain arteries supplying the spinal cord, and that inadvertent injection into an artery has been implicated in spinal cord infarction and paralysis. It describes the infraneural approach as an alternative that may reduce needle placement in that region. It also stresses that careful review of imaging beforehand, fluoroscopic guidance, contrast injection, and preferential use of nonparticulate steroid remain essential whatever approach is used.

Blood thinners and bleeding risk

Guidelines specific to interventional pain procedures address when blood thinners should be held. The second edition of the multisociety guidelines led by the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Narouze and colleagues, 2018) stratifies spine and pain procedures by bleeding risk into low, intermediate, and high categories. The American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians published updated guidelines in 2024 (Manchikanti and colleagues, Pain Physician) that weigh bleeding risk against the risk of clotting when these medications are stopped. That balance matters. Stopping a blood thinner can expose a patient with heart or vascular disease to serious harm. A review should identify which guidance was in effect on the date of care, and whether the prescribing physician was consulted when appropriate.

Standard-of-care questions an expert asks

  • Indication. Was the injection reasonable for the diagnosis, imaging findings, and prior response to treatment?
  • Consent. Were serious risks and alternatives discussed?
  • Medications. Was a medication history taken, including blood thinners, with timing documented?
  • Approach and level. Was the approach (transforaminal, interlaminar, or caudal) and the level reasonable given the anatomy and prior imaging?
  • Image guidance and contrast. Was fluoroscopy used, was contrast injected to confirm spread, and were images saved? This is covered in Week 10 of this series.
  • Steroid choice. Was the steroid particulate or nonparticulate, and was that choice reasonable for the approach?
  • Sterile technique. Is skin preparation and sterile technique documented?
  • Recovery and discharge. Was the patient observed and given instructions on warning signs?

Recognition and response

When a patient develops new weakness, numbness, severe back pain, fever, or bowel or bladder changes after an injection, timing becomes central. Was the patient told what to watch for? When the patient called or returned, was the concern triaged, imaged, and referred promptly? As with spinal hematoma after neuraxial anesthesia (see spinal epidural hematoma), the time from first symptom to imaging and treatment is often the most important part of the timeline.

Dr. Urits has written on two related complications. He is the author of a case report on the diagnosis and spontaneous resolution of an epidural hematoma after a cervical epidural steroid injection (Pain Management Case Reports, 2018). He was also first author of a report on managing dural puncture headache caused by a caudal epidural steroid injection (Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 2019).

What malpractice claims show

Dr. Urits co-authored a pilot analysis of 82 federal and state interventional pain malpractice cases (Kamath and colleagues, Pain Physician, 2020). The study reported that procedural error was the leading reason claims were brought, followed by lack of informed consent and an unnecessary procedure. The authors noted limits of the data, including incomplete procedural detail.

Records that usually matter

  • The procedure note, including approach, level, needle, injectate, and steroid used
  • Saved fluoroscopic images, including contrast spread
  • Pre-procedure imaging and clinic notes documenting the indication
  • Medication lists, anticoagulant instructions, and any communication with the prescribing physician
  • Consent forms and discharge instructions
  • Phone logs, emergency department records, MRI, and surgical records after the procedure

Key takeaways

  • Serious complications of epidural steroid injections are rare, but some are catastrophic.
  • The 2015 consensus safeguards and later reviews emphasize image guidance, contrast, nonparticulate steroid for certain approaches, and anatomic care.
  • Anticoagulant decisions balance bleeding risk against clotting risk under procedure-specific guidelines.
  • Recognition and response after the injection are often as important as the injection itself.

References

  1. Rathmell JP, Benzon HT, Dreyfuss P, et al. Safeguards to prevent neurologic complications after epidural steroid injections: consensus opinions from a multidisciplinary working group and national organizations. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(5):974-984. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25668411/
  2. Hasoon J, Robinson CL, Yazdi C, Urits I, Kaye AD. The Infraneural Approach to Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: A Practical Review for Trainees and Interventionalists. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2026;18:166794. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42631325/
  3. Narouze S, Benzon HT, Provenzano D, et al. Interventional Spine and Pain Procedures in Patients on Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Medications (Second Edition): Guidelines From the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the International Neuromodulation Society, the North American Neuromodulation Society, and the World Institute of Pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(3):225-262. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29278603/
  4. Manchikanti L, Sanapati MR, Nampiaparampil D, et al. Perioperative Management of Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy in Patients Undergoing Interventional Techniques: 2024 Updated Guidelines from the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP). Pain Physician. 2024;27(S6):S1-S94. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39133736/
  5. Urits I. Diagnosis and spontaneous resolution of an epidural hematoma in a patient presenting after cervical epidural steroid injection. Pain Management Case Reports. 2018. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2018/2/213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2018/2/213 (not indexed in PubMed)
  6. Urits I, Viswanath O, Petro J, Aner M. Management of dural puncture headache caused by caudal epidural steroid injection. J Clin Anesth. 2019;52:67-68. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30216928/
  7. Kamath D, McIntyre S, Byerly S, et al. Descriptive Analysis of Federal and State Interventional Pain Malpractice Litigation in the United States: A Pilot Investigation. Pain Physician. 2020;23(4):413-422. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32709176/

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Spinal Cord Stimulator Complications: Infection, Lead Migration, and Dural Puncture

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Sep 24, 2026

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an established treatment for certain chronic nerve-related pain conditions. Thin wires, called leads, are placed in the epidural space and connected to a small battery-powered generator. Most patients first have a temporary trial with leads that exit the skin. If the trial helps, a permanent system is implanted under the skin.

Like any implant, an SCS system can have complications. Some involve the hardware, such as a lead that moves or breaks. Others are biologic, meaning they involve the patient's body, such as infection, bleeding, or injury to the dura or spinal cord. When a complication occurs, a review looks at prevention, technique, recognition, and response. This article explains how.

Device-related and biologic complications

Dr. Urits co-authored Biologic Complications Associated with Cylindrical Lead Spinal Cord Stimulator Implants: A Narrative Review (Vu and colleagues, Orthopedic Reviews, 2024). The review explains that biologic complications are less common than device-related complications but may have more severe consequences. It covers infection, seromas, hematomas, dural puncture, nerve or spinal cord injury, and therapy habituation. It concludes that physicians should carefully consider potential complications before SCS trials and implants.

Infection prevention

The Neurostimulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee (NACC) of the International Neuromodulation Society published recommendations on infection prevention and management (Deer and colleagues, Neuromodulation, 2017). The NACC describes its recommendations as best practices for implanting neurostimulation devices, based on evidence scoring and, where evidence is lacking, expert opinion.

Practice does not always match the guidance. In a survey of pain physicians that Dr. Urits co-authored (Sarrafpour and colleagues, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, 2021), 82% and 69% of respondents reported not using nasal swabs for MSSA and MRSA, respectively, before SCS trials and implants. Antibiotic practice also varied. During trials, 47% gave a single dose, 35% gave antibiotics for the length of the trial, and 17% gave none. The authors concluded that a portion of pain physicians do not follow the NACC antibiotic guidance.

Variation in practice is relevant to a standard-of-care analysis, but it does not settle it. An expert considers what the guidance said on the date of care, what reasonable physicians were doing, and whether a particular choice was explained.

Infection review questions often include:

  • Were risk factors such as diabetes, smoking, obesity, or skin conditions identified and addressed?
  • Were skin preparation, antibiotic timing, and sterile technique documented?
  • Were wound checks and instructions for warning signs provided?
  • When redness, drainage, fever, or new pain appeared, was the patient seen, tested, and treated promptly, including removal of the device when indicated?

Dural puncture during lead placement

The epidural needle used to place SCS leads can puncture the dura, just as with an epidural for anesthesia. In a survey that Dr. Urits co-authored (Southerland and colleagues, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, 2022), most physicians who had a dural puncture during a trial chose to continue at a different level (about 57%), and about 28% chose to abandon the procedure. For permanent implants, about 62% continued at a different level and about 22% abandoned. The authors concluded that both continuing and abandoning were reasonable approaches in contemporary practice and that more data are needed for a consensus. A review therefore focuses on whether the puncture was recognized and documented, whether the decision that followed was reasonable, and whether headache or other symptoms were followed afterward.

Sedation during lead placement

The NACC has recommended that percutaneous SCS leads be placed with the patient awake enough to give feedback. In a survey Dr. Urits co-authored (Hasoon and colleagues, Pain Therapy, 2021), 77% of physicians reported using deep sedation for permanent implants at times, and 45% reported using general anesthesia for 10 kHz implants. The authors noted that the guidance and reported practice "remain at odds." Sedation is covered in more depth in Week 9 of this series.

Lead migration and hardware problems

Leads can move after placement, which may reduce pain relief or change where stimulation is felt. Dr. Urits is the author of Case at a Glance: Radiographic Evidence of Percutaneously Implanted Spinal Cord Stimulator Lead Migration (Pain Management Case Reports, 2020). Lead migration is a recognized device complication and does not, on its own, show substandard care. Review usually asks how the leads were anchored, what activity instructions were given, whether imaging documented lead position over time, and whether revision was offered when appropriate.

Neurologic injury

New weakness or numbness after lead placement can signal a hematoma, direct injury, or another cause. As with other neuraxial procedures, the time from first symptom to examination, imaging, and surgical consultation is often central. Blood-thinner management follows the procedure-specific guidelines discussed in Week 7.

Records that usually matter

  • Psychological evaluation and trial selection documentation
  • Trial and implant procedure notes, including the level of access, any dural puncture, and sedation used
  • Saved fluoroscopic images showing lead position
  • Antibiotic administration and skin preparation records
  • Device programming records and manufacturer representative notes
  • Wound-check notes, phone logs, cultures, imaging, and any explant or revision records

Key takeaways

  • Biologic complications are less common than device problems but can be more serious.
  • The NACC infection recommendations are a central reference, and surveys show practice varies.
  • Dural puncture during lead placement is a known risk, and published practice includes both continuing and abandoning the procedure.
  • Recognition and response to infection or neurologic change usually drive the analysis.

References

  1. Vu PD, Pinkhasova D, Sarwary ZB, et al. Biologic Complications Associated with Cylindrical Lead Spinal Cord Stimulator Implants: A Narrative Review. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2024;16:123443. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39624470/
  2. Deer TR, Provenzano DA, Hanes M, et al. The Neurostimulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee (NACC) Recommendations for Infection Prevention and Management. Neuromodulation. 2017;20(1):31-50. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28042909/
  3. Sarrafpour S, Hasoon J, Urits I, et al. Antibiotics for Spinal Cord Stimulation Trials and Implants: A Survey Analysis of Practice Patterns. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(5):e120611. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35075422/
  4. Southerland WA, Hasoon J, Urits I, et al. Dural Puncture During Spinal Cord Stimulator Lead Insertion: Analysis of Practice Patterns. Anesth Pain Med. 2022;12(2):e127179. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36158140/
  5. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, et al. Percutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Lead Placement Under Deep Sedation and General Anesthesia. Pain Ther. 2021;10(2):1719-1730. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34652716/
  6. Urits I. Case at a Glance: Radiographic Evidence of Percutaneously Implanted Spinal Cord Stimulator Lead Migration. Pain Management Case Reports. 2020. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2020/4/111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2020/4/111 (not indexed in PubMed)

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Sedation Safety During Interventional Pain Procedures

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Sep 16, 2026

Many interventional pain procedures, such as epidural injections, facet procedures, and nerve ablations, are done with local anesthetic alone. Others are done with sedation to reduce anxiety and discomfort. Sedation is often given in a pain clinic, an office procedure suite, or an ambulatory surgery center rather than a hospital operating room. It may be directed by the proceduralist and given by a nurse, or provided by an anesthesia professional.

Sedation complications are usually about breathing. A patient who becomes more deeply sedated than planned can stop breathing adequately, and oxygen levels can fall quickly. When evaluating such a case, a physician expert looks at patient selection, the planned and actual depth of sedation, monitoring, and rescue. This article walks through each.

Sedation is a continuum

Sedation is often described in levels: minimal sedation, moderate sedation, deep sedation, and general anesthesia. A patient under moderate sedation should respond purposefully to voice or light touch and breathe adequately without help. Under deep sedation, a patient may need help keeping the airway open. These levels are not fixed. The same dose can affect two patients very differently, and a patient can drift from one level to the next. For that reason, a central principle in sedation practice is that the team should be able to rescue a patient who becomes more deeply sedated than intended.

The American Society of Anesthesiologists, together with several other specialty organizations, published Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia 2018 (Anesthesiology, 2018). It is intended to guide clinicians who provide moderate procedural sedation and addresses patient evaluation, preparation, monitoring, staffing, and recovery. An expert should identify which version of the guideline, and which facility policy, applied on the date of care.

Patient selection

Some patients are at higher risk for breathing problems under sedation. Review questions include:

  • Sleep apnea. Was obstructive sleep apnea known or suspected, and was it considered in the plan?
  • Chronic opioid use and other sedatives. Patients on long-term opioids, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids, or similar medications may respond unpredictably to added sedatives.
  • Lung and heart disease, obesity, and frailty. Was the patient's overall health assessed, and was the setting appropriate for that level of risk?
  • Airway. Was the airway evaluated in case rescue became necessary?
  • Fasting and aspiration risk. Were fasting status and aspiration risk considered?

Dr. Urits co-authored Management of Patients With Chronic Pain in Ambulatory Surgery Centers (Charipova and colleagues, Cureus, 2020). The review explains that chronic pain and substance use disorders present unique challenges in perioperative planning and are associated with worse postoperative outcomes. It describes preoperative risk stratification and the integration of pain specialists into the ambulatory surgery team.

Planned versus actual depth of sedation

Some procedures depend on the patient being awake enough to give feedback. For example, guidance for spinal cord stimulator lead placement has recommended that the patient be able to respond during the procedure. In a survey Dr. Urits co-authored (Hasoon and colleagues, Pain Therapy, 2021), 77% of physicians reported using deep sedation for permanent stimulator implants at times, and 45% reported using general anesthesia for 10 kHz implants. The authors noted that the guidance and reported practice remain at odds. When deeper sedation is used, the record should explain who provided it and how the patient was monitored.

Monitoring

Monitoring questions often include:

  • Was a person other than the proceduralist assigned to monitor the patient?
  • Were oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, and level of consciousness recorded at regular intervals?
  • Was breathing monitored, including by capnography where the guidance or facility policy called for it?
  • Was supplemental oxygen used, and did it delay recognition of poor breathing?
  • Do the documented vital signs match any downloaded monitor data?

Rescue and recovery

  • Were reversal agents, airway equipment, suction, and oxygen immediately available?
  • Was a person trained in airway management and resuscitation present or immediately available?
  • When oxygen levels dropped, how quickly were stimulation, airway support, reversal agents, and a call for help used?
  • Was the patient recovered and monitored until discharge criteria were met?
  • Was the patient discharged with a responsible adult and clear instructions?

Causation questions

When a patient suffers a hypoxic brain injury or cardiac arrest during or after sedation, an expert considers whether the event was caused by sedation, by an underlying cardiac or neurologic condition, or by something else, such as local anesthetic toxicity (local anesthetic systemic toxicity) or an allergic reaction. The timeline from first abnormal vital sign to intervention is often the key.

Records that usually matter

  • The pre-procedure history and physical, including sleep apnea screening and medication list
  • The sedation record with drug doses, times, and vital signs
  • Monitor downloads and capnography data, if available
  • Staffing records showing who monitored the patient
  • Recovery and discharge notes
  • Facility sedation policies and credentialing records on the date of care
  • Emergency response and transfer records

Key takeaways

  • Sedation is a continuum, and patients can become more deeply sedated than intended.
  • Patient selection, especially sleep apnea and chronic opioid or sedative use, is often central.
  • Monitoring, staffing, and rescue capability are usually measured against the ASA guidance and facility policy in effect.
  • A time-stamped reconstruction of doses and vital signs is usually the core of the review.

References

  1. Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia 2018: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Dental Association, American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437-479. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29334501/
  2. Charipova K, Gress KL, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Management of Patients With Chronic Pain in Ambulatory Surgery Centers. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10408. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33062525/
  3. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, et al. Percutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Lead Placement Under Deep Sedation and General Anesthesia. Pain Ther. 2021;10(2):1719-1730. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34652716/

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Image Guidance and Contrast in Spinal Injections

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Sep 12, 2026

Most spinal injections in pain medicine are done with fluoroscopy, a live X-ray that shows the needle and the bones of the spine in real time. Before medication is injected, a small amount of contrast dye is often injected to show where the fluid goes. The goal is to confirm that the needle is where it should be and is not in a blood vessel, in the spinal fluid space, or in the wrong tissue.

When a spinal injection goes wrong, the saved images are often some of the most important records. They can show a great deal, but they also have limits. This article explains how image guidance and contrast are used for safety, and how a physician reads them when care is reviewed.

Why image guidance matters

Without imaging, a needle's position near the spine is estimated from feel and surface landmarks. With fluoroscopy, the physician can confirm the level, the side, and the needle's depth. Contrast then shows the pattern of spread. Spread in the epidural space looks different from spread in the spinal fluid, in a blood vessel, or in muscle.

The 2015 consensus safeguards for epidural steroid injections, developed by a multidisciplinary working group with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Safe Use Initiative and 13 specialty societies (Rathmell and colleagues, Anesthesiology, 2015), include the use of radiographic guidance among their clinical considerations for transforaminal and interlaminar injections. A 2026 review Dr. Urits co-authored on transforaminal injections (Hasoon and colleagues, Orthopedic Reviews) states that careful review of imaging beforehand, fluoroscopic guidance, contrast injection, and preferential use of nonparticulate steroid remain essential regardless of the approach used.

Views: seeing depth as well as position

A straight-on (front-to-back) view shows side-to-side position but not depth. Depth views, such as the lateral view and the contralateral oblique view, show how far the needle has advanced toward the spinal canal.

Dr. Urits is the author of Diagrammatic Analysis of Subarachnoid Contrast Spread in the Contralateral Oblique View: A Technical Report (Pain Management Case Reports, 2018), which addresses how contrast in the spinal fluid space appears in that view. He also co-authored a survey of spinal cord stimulator lead placement practices (Gill and colleagues, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, 2022). In that survey, 45% of respondents "always used" the lateral view and 15% "always used" the contralateral oblique view for lead insertion, while 65% used the contralateral oblique view with varying frequency. The authors concluded that a depth view was always used by only 45% to 60% of respondents and that the contralateral oblique view had been rapidly adopted.

Practice patterns like these help show what reasonable physicians were doing at the time. They do not, by themselves, set the standard of care.

What contrast can reveal

  • Intravascular spread. Contrast that quickly washes away or outlines a vessel suggests the needle is in a vein or artery. Injecting medication there can be dangerous, especially with particulate steroid near arteries that supply the spinal cord or brain.
  • Intrathecal spread. Contrast in the spinal fluid space suggests the dura has been punctured. Injecting a large dose of local anesthetic there can cause a high or total spinal block.
  • Epidural spread. A typical epidural pattern supports correct placement.
  • Spread outside the target. Contrast in muscle or other tissue may mean the needle needs repositioning.

Contrast also has limits. A brief intravascular flow can be missed, especially with a single static image. Some physicians use live or digital subtraction imaging to improve detection in higher-risk injections. Patients with contrast allergies may need an alternative plan, which should be documented.

Beyond injections: other image-guided procedures

Image guidance is also central to procedures such as kyphoplasty and spinal cord stimulator placement. Dr. Urits is the author of Epidural Cement Leakage During Kyphoplasty Leading to Radiculopathy (Pain Management Case Reports, 2019), a case report describing how cement leaking into the epidural space caused nerve root symptoms.

What saved images can and cannot show

Saved images are a snapshot. A case review should recognize what they do and do not prove.

  • They can show the level, the side, final needle position, and contrast pattern at the moment each image was saved.
  • They may not show what happened between saved images, how long contrast was observed, whether live fluoroscopy was used, or the needle position at the moment the medication was injected.
  • Missing images may mean images were not saved, were not exported, or were lost. The complete imaging file, including metadata such as timestamps and radiation dose reports, can fill some gaps.

An expert should compare the images with the procedure note. If the note says contrast confirmed epidural spread, do the images show it? If the note mentions repositioning, is that visible?

Standard-of-care questions an expert asks

  • Was fluoroscopy or another appropriate image guidance used?
  • Were appropriate views obtained, including a depth view where relevant?
  • Was contrast injected before the medication, and was the pattern interpreted correctly?
  • Was the plan adjusted when contrast showed vascular or intrathecal spread?
  • Were images saved, and does the procedure note match them?
  • Were contrast allergies identified and addressed?

Records that usually matter

  • The complete saved fluoroscopic image set, with metadata and timestamps
  • The procedure note describing views, contrast, and any repositioning
  • Pre-procedure MRI or CT used for planning
  • Allergy history and any premedication
  • Facility imaging and radiation safety policies on the date of care

Key takeaways

  • Fluoroscopy and contrast are central safety tools in spinal injections.
  • Depth views and contrast patterns help detect misplaced, intravascular, or intrathecal needle position.
  • Saved images are valuable records, but they are only snapshots.
  • The analysis compares images, the procedure note, and published guidance in effect at the time.

References

  1. Rathmell JP, Benzon HT, Dreyfuss P, et al. Safeguards to prevent neurologic complications after epidural steroid injections: consensus opinions from a multidisciplinary working group and national organizations. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(5):974-984. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25668411/
  2. Hasoon J, Robinson CL, Yazdi C, Urits I, Kaye AD. The Infraneural Approach to Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: A Practical Review for Trainees and Interventionalists. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2026;18:166794. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42631325/
  3. Urits I. Diagrammatic Analysis of Subarachnoid Contrast Spread in the Contralateral Oblique View: A Technical Report. Pain Management Case Reports. 2018. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2018/2/141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2018/2/141 (not indexed in PubMed)
  4. Gill J, Kohan L, Hasoon J, et al. Contralateral and Lateral Views: Analysis of the Technical Aspects of Spinal Cord Stimulator Lead Insertion. Anesth Pain Med. 2022;12(1):e123357. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35433387/
  5. Urits I. Epidural Cement Leakage During Kyphoplasty Leading to Radiculopathy. Pain Management Case Reports. 2019. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2019/3/191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36076/pmcr.2019/3/191 (not indexed in PubMed)

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) for Pain Procedures

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Sep 28, 2026

Most interventional pain procedures need only local anesthetic or light sedation. Some need more: a very anxious patient, serious heart or lung disease, or a longer procedure such as a device implant. In those cases, an anesthesia professional may provide monitored anesthesia care, usually called MAC.

MAC is often confused with nurse-administered "conscious sedation," but the two are different services with different expectations. This article explains what MAC is, how it can be provided safely for pain procedures, and what a physician expert reviews. Our post on sedation safety during interventional pain procedures covers the sedation continuum and patient risk factors; a companion post covers nurse-administered IV moderate sedation.

What MAC is, and what it is not

The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) describes MAC as a specific anesthesia service performed by a qualified anesthesia provider for a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure. In its Statement on Distinguishing Monitored Anesthesia Care ("MAC") from Moderate Sedation/Analgesia (2023), the ASA explains that MAC includes a preprocedure assessment, care during the procedure, and postprocedure management. The provider must be prepared to manage all levels of sedation up to and including general anesthesia.

The statement contrasts this with moderate sedation, where a proceduralist may have divided attention. MAC is not a depth of sedation. What defines it is who provides the care and what that person is prepared to do.

Who provides MAC

Under the ASA statement, MAC is provided by an anesthesia professional, either an anesthesiologist or another anesthesia provider working within the applicable care team model. The ASA Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring (last amended October 2025) state that qualified anesthesia personnel shall be present in the room throughout all monitored anesthesia care. Review questions include who the anesthesia provider was, who (if anyone) was medically directing, and whether the provider was present for the entire case.

Patient selection and depth of sedation in pain procedures

Choosing MAC is a clinical judgment based on the patient's condition, the procedure, and the need for deeper sedation than moderate sedation can safely provide. For pain procedures there is a counterweight: many rely on the patient being able to report pain, paresthesia, or new symptoms. The ASIPP Guidelines for Sedation and Fasting Status of Patients Undergoing Interventional Pain Management Procedures (Kaye and colleagues, Pain Physician, 2019) state that deep sedation or general anesthesia for most interventional procedures is considered unsafe, because the patient cannot communicate acute changes in symptoms. A survey Dr. Urits co-authored (Hasoon and colleagues, Pain Therapy, 2021) found that deep sedation and general anesthesia are used at times during spinal cord stimulator lead placement despite guidance favoring a responsive patient.

An expert asks what depth was planned, why, and whether the patient could communicate when the procedure required it.

Monitoring standards that apply to MAC

The ASA Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring apply to all general anesthetics, regional anesthetics, and monitored anesthesia care. They call for, among other things:

  • a quantitative method of assessing oxygenation, such as pulse oximetry, with an audible tone and low-threshold alarm;
  • during moderate or deep sedation, continual observation of clinical signs of ventilation, with every effort made to achieve continual monitoring for exhaled carbon dioxide (capnography);
  • a continuously displayed electrocardiogram; and
  • blood pressure and heart rate determined and evaluated at least every five minutes.

For propofol, the ASA Statement on Safe Use of Propofol (last amended 2024) advises care consistent with deep sedation even when moderate sedation is intended, because depth can change rapidly and there is no reversal agent. An expert should identify the version of each standard in effect on the date of care.

What the closed claims literature shows

The ASA Closed Claims Project has examined MAC specifically. Bhananker and colleagues (Anesthesiology, 2006) compared 121 MAC claims with general and regional anesthesia claims. More than 40% of MAC claims involved death or permanent brain damage. Respiratory depression after an absolute or relative overdose of sedatives or opioids was the most common specific mechanism, and nearly half of those claims were judged preventable by better monitoring, including capnography, improved vigilance, or audible alarms. Analyses of anesthesia outside the operating room (Metzner and colleagues, 2009; Woodward and colleagues, 2017) found these claims often involved MAC and inadequate oxygenation or ventilation.

Operating room fires are a second MAC-related theme. Mehta and colleagues (Anesthesiology, 2013) found that 81% of electrocautery-induced fire claims occurred during MAC, most often during head, neck, or upper chest procedures with oxygen delivered by an open system. This can matter when electrocautery is used near the upper chest or neck, as in some device implants. Closed claims data describe patterns; they do not establish how often injuries occur or whether care in a given case met the standard.

Documentation and records that usually matter

  • The preanesthesia evaluation, including airway assessment, sleep apnea screening, medications, and fasting status
  • The anesthesia record with drug doses, times, depth of sedation, and vital signs
  • Monitor and capnography downloads, including alarm settings where available
  • Staffing and supervision records, the procedure note, and any fire-risk assessment
  • Recovery notes, discharge criteria, and facility policies in effect on the date of care

Key takeaways

  • MAC is an anesthesia service, defined by the provider and their readiness to rescue, not by a depth of sedation.
  • For pain procedures, deeper sedation is weighed against the value of a patient who can report symptoms.
  • ASA basic monitoring standards, including capnography efforts, apply to MAC.
  • Oversedation with respiratory depression and fire are recurring themes in MAC closed claims.

References

  1. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Statement on Distinguishing Monitored Anesthesia Care ("MAC") from Moderate Sedation/Analgesia (Conscious Sedation). Approved October 18, 2023.
  2. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Standards for Basic Anesthetic Monitoring. Last amended October 15, 2025.
  3. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Statement on Safe Use of Propofol. Last amended October 23, 2024.
  4. Kaye AD, Jones MR, Viswanath O, et al. ASIPP Guidelines for Sedation and Fasting Status of Patients Undergoing Interventional Pain Management Procedures. Pain Physician. 2019;22(3):201-207. PMID:31151329.
  5. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, et al. Percutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Lead Placement Under Deep Sedation and General Anesthesia. Pain Ther. 2021;10(2):1719-1730. PMID:34652716.
  6. Bhananker SM, Posner KL, Cheney FW, et al. Injury and liability associated with monitored anesthesia care: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(2):228-234. PMID:16436839.
  7. Metzner J, Posner KL, Domino KB. The risk and safety of anesthesia at remote locations: the US closed claims analysis. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22(4):502-508. PMID:19506473.
  8. Woodward ZG, Urman RD, Domino KB. Safety of Non-Operating Room Anesthesia: A Closed Claims Update. Anesthesiol Clin. 2017;35(4):569-581. PMID:29101947.
  9. Mehta SP, Bhananker SM, Posner KL, Domino KB. Operating room fires: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(5):1133-1139. PMID:23422795.

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Nurse-Administered IV Moderate Sedation for Pain Procedures

By Ivan Urits, MD – Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Sep 20, 2026

In many pain clinics, IV moderate sedation is given by a registered nurse on the proceduralist's order, without an anesthesia professional present. Done well, this model can be safe for appropriately selected patients. When something goes wrong, questions center on who could give the sedation, their training, who watched the patient, and how quickly problems were treated.

Our post on sedation safety during interventional pain procedures covers patient risk factors and depth of sedation, and a companion post covers monitored anesthesia care (MAC) provided by an anesthesia professional.

What "moderate sedation" means

The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Statement on Continuum of Depth of Sedation (last amended 2024) defines moderate sedation as a drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, alone or with light touch, need no help keeping the airway open, and breathe adequately. Because sedation is a continuum, the statement says practitioners giving moderate sedation should be able to rescue patients who become deeply sedated. It also says the procedure should not continue at an unintended level of sedation.

Who may administer it

  • State law and nursing boards. Scope-of-practice rules for registered nurses giving IV sedation vary by state. Some state boards of nursing have issued specific positions on moderate sedation or particular drugs. The rules in the state where care was given, on the date of care, should be identified.
  • Facility policy. Hospitals, surgery centers, and offices typically set their own sedation policies, competency requirements, and approved drug lists.
  • National guidance. The ASA Statement on Granting Privileges for Administration of Moderate Sedation to Practitioners Who Are Not Anesthesia Professionals (last amended 2021) describes a "supervised sedation professional," such as a registered nurse, who gives medications only on the order of, and under the supervision of, a physician (or dentist or podiatrist) qualified in moderate sedation. It states that the person monitoring the patient should be distinct from the person performing the procedure, and that single-operator sedation should not be permitted. It adds that the supervising practitioner should recognize patients whose condition suggests sedation should be provided by an anesthesia professional.

For propofol, the ASA Statement on Safe Use of Propofol (last amended 2024) notes that the drug's package insert states it should be given only by persons trained in the administration of general anesthesia and not involved in the procedure, and that some states have specific regulations on propofol. Whether a nurse may give propofol in a given setting depends on state rules, facility policy, and the facts.

Training and credentialing expectations

The ASA privileging statement lists training it recommends for a supervised sedation professional, including:

  • the pharmacology of the sedative and analgesic drugs used, and their reversal agents;
  • the benefits and risks of supplemental oxygen;
  • recognition of apnea and airway obstruction, and basic airway support with a bag-mask device and airway adjuncts;
  • monitoring of blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, ECG, depth of sedation, and capnography; and
  • documentation of drugs, doses, physiologic condition, and depth of sedation at regular intervals.

It also describes license verification, periodic performance review, and quality monitoring of reversal agent use and adverse events.

Monitoring and rescue

The ASA Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia 2018 (Anesthesiology, 2018) call for a designated individual other than the proceduralist to monitor the patient throughout the procedure. The ASA privileging statement adds that, during moderate sedation, capnography should be used unless precluded or invalidated by the patient, procedure, or equipment, and that absence of equipment is not an acceptable reason to omit it. A meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials (Saunders and colleagues, BMJ Open, 2017; industry-funded) found that adding capnography to standard monitoring was associated with less oxygen desaturation and less need for assisted ventilation.

The ASIPP Guidelines for Sedation and Fasting Status (Kaye and colleagues, Pain Physician, 2019) adapt the ASA monitoring standards to pain procedures in any setting and state that sedation providers must understand the medications, drug interactions, and resuscitative protocols.

Rescue questions include whether reversal agents, suction, oxygen, and airway equipment were at hand, and whether the supervising physician could step away to manage the airway.

Common issues in review

An integrative review of nurse-administered sedation in the cardiac catheterization laboratory (Conway and colleagues, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 2011) found that the studies reported low complication rates, but that deeply sedated patients had more complications than moderately sedated patients, and that guidelines differed on deep sedation without an anesthetist present. Issues that often arise include:

  • Drift into deep sedation. Repeated doses or opioid–benzodiazepine combinations can push a patient past moderate sedation, especially with chronic opioid use or sleep apnea.
  • Divided attention. The monitoring nurse was also circulating or handling equipment.
  • Supplemental oxygen without capnography. Oxygen can keep saturation normal while breathing slows, delaying recognition.
  • Documentation gaps. Vital signs and sedation scores are missing, or charted values do not match monitor data.

Records that usually matter

  • Sedation orders, the medication administration record, and the sedation flowsheet with times, doses, vital signs, and sedation scores
  • Monitor and capnography downloads, and staffing records showing who monitored the patient
  • The nurse's license, training, and competency records, and facility sedation policy on the date of care
  • Recovery, discharge, and emergency response records

Key takeaways

  • Who may give IV sedation is governed by state law, nursing board positions, and facility policy, and these vary by state.
  • ASA guidance describes nurse-administered moderate sedation under physician order and supervision, with a dedicated monitor and capnography.
  • A time-stamped reconstruction of doses, vital signs, and staffing is usually the core of the review.

References

  1. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Statement on Continuum of Depth of Sedation: Definition of General Anesthesia and Levels of Sedation/Analgesia. Last amended October 23, 2024.
  2. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Statement on Granting Privileges for Administration of Moderate Sedation to Practitioners Who Are Not Anesthesia Professionals. Last amended October 13, 2021.
  3. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Statement on Safe Use of Propofol. Last amended October 23, 2024.
  4. Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia 2018: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia, et al. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437-479. PMID:29334501.
  5. Saunders R, Struys MMRF, Pollock RF, Mestek M, Lightdale JR. Patient safety during procedural sedation using capnography monitoring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e013402. PMID:28667196.
  6. Kaye AD, Jones MR, Viswanath O, et al. ASIPP Guidelines for Sedation and Fasting Status of Patients Undergoing Interventional Pain Management Procedures. Pain Physician. 2019;22(3):201-207. PMID:31151329.
  7. Conway A, Page K, Rolley JX, Worrall-Carter L. Nurse-administered procedural sedation and analgesia in the cardiac catheter laboratory: an integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2011;48(8):1012-1023. PMID:21601855.

Educational information only. Not legal or medical advice.

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Diagnosing Long-Standing CRPS: A Summary of New ASIPP Guidance

By Ivan Urits, MD - Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain MedicinePublished Oct 6, 2026

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a painful and often disabling condition, most often in a limb after an injury or surgery. Doctors usually diagnose it with the Budapest criteria. A guidance document from the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP), published in Pain Physician, looks at a practical problem: how to recognize CRPS once it has lasted a long time.

This summary is based on the published abstract; the full paper may include additional detail. Read the abstract on PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40773629/

What was studied

The authors describe CRPS as causing intense pain, swelling, changes in skin color and temperature, motor problems, and trophic changes such as skin and tissue atrophy. Its exact cause is not fully understood.

They point out a gap. There are no established diagnostic criteria for chronic CRPS, and the Budapest criteria do not clearly separate the acute and chronic stages.

How it was done

An expert panel convened by ASIPP reviewed the literature and used a structured consensus process. Because the features of CRPS change significantly beyond 12 months, the panel drafted chronic-specific criteria based on how long the disease has lasted, the history, the physical exam, and optional tests. The drafts were refined with multidisciplinary input.

Key findings

The proposed framework for chronic CRPS has four parts:

  • General criteria: the Budapest criteria are met for at least 12 months, CRPS remains a diagnosis of exclusion, and it is distinguished from generalized nociplastic pain syndromes.
  • History: at least three of five specific historical features.
  • Examination: asymmetric limb findings, sensory disturbances, and musculoskeletal changes.
  • Optional testing: such as intraepidermal nerve fiber density on skin biopsy and imaging evidence of regional bone demineralization.

The authors add that quantitative sensory testing, functional MRI, and blood markers of neuroinflammation may support the diagnosis in complex or uncertain cases. For treatment, they emphasize a multimodal approach: physical rehabilitation, medicines for neuropathic pain, sympathetic nerve blocks, and advanced neuromodulation, tailored to the disease stage and the patient.

Limitations

  • This is consensus guidance, not a new clinical study. The criteria rest on expert agreement and the existing literature.
  • The chronic criteria are newly proposed. The abstract does not report testing of how accurate they are in patients.
  • Some optional tests may not be widely available.

Safety takeaways

  • The Budapest criteria remain the foundation. The new framework builds on them rather than replacing them.
  • CRPS is a diagnosis of exclusion. Other causes of the symptoms should be considered, especially when pain has lasted a long time.
  • Duration matters. CRPS can change over time, so a careful history and exam are important at each stage.
  • Clear records help. Noting which criteria are met, and when, supports clear communication across the care team.
  • Care should be individualized, usually combining rehabilitation with other treatments.

Reference

  1. Gharibo C, Day M, Aydin SM, Kaye AD, Abdi S, Diwan S, et al. Diagnostic Guidance for Chronic Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I and Type II from The American Society of Interventional Physicians (ASIPP). Pain Physician. 2025;28(4):E287-E327. PMID: 40773629. Abstract: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40773629/

This article is educational information, not legal or medical advice.

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Publications

Books Edited · Book Chapters · Journal Articles · Additional Journal Articles · Posters and Abstracts · Oral Presentations

Books Edited

  1. Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Urits I, eds. Outpatient Opioid Prescribing for Chronic Pain: Essentials of Safe and Effective Treatment. Springer; 2025. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07407-2
  2. Urits I, Hasoon JJ, eds. Interventional Management of Migraines and Other Headache Disorders. Elsevier; 2024. ISBN:978-0-443-23557-3
  3. Viswanath O, Urits I, eds. Cambridge Handbook of Pain Medicine. Cambridge University Press; 2023. doi:10.1017/9781108979849

Book Chapters

  1. Vu PD, Enaohwo O, Jagota A, Nguyen D, Hasoon J, Urits I, Malik A. Assessment and diagnosis. In: Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Urits I, eds. Outpatient Opioid Prescribing for Chronic Pain: Essentials of Safe and Effective Treatment. Springer; 2025:29-53. doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07407-2_3
  2. Elgabry M, Shehata IM, Viswanath O, Urits I. How to recruit a research team? In: Shehata IM, Viswanath O, eds. How to Successfully Publish a Manuscript. Springer; 2025:253-263. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92538-2_16
  3. Dominguez M, Ashina S, Yazdi C, Simopoulos TT, Hasoon JJ, Urits I, Kaye AD, Robinson CL. Botulinum toxin injection for migraine and other headache disorders. In: Urits I, Hasoon JJ, eds. Interventional Management of Migraines and Other Headache Disorders. Elsevier; 2024:11-25. doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23557-3.00002-4
  4. Haddad HW, Springer I, Wang D, Zhang EX, Urits I, Hasoon JJ. Cervical epidural steroid injections for the treatment of migraines and headaches. In: Urits I, Hasoon JJ, eds. Interventional Management of Migraines and Other Headache Disorders. Elsevier; 2024:63-77. doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23557-3.00006-1
  5. Haddad HW, Wang DY, Yi C, Li C, Urits I, Hasoon JJ. Cervical medial branch blocks for the treatment of cervicogenic headaches. In: Urits I, Hasoon JJ, eds. Interventional Management of Migraines and Other Headache Disorders. Elsevier; 2024:79-98. doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23557-3.00007-3
  6. Kassem H, Urits I. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocol for fluid therapy. In: Abd-Elsayed A, ed. Basic Anesthesia Review. Oxford University Press; 2024:340. doi:10.1093/med/9780197584569.003.0134
  7. Robinson CL, Yazdi C, Simopoulos TT, Kaye AD, Urits I, Hasoon JJ, Orhurhu V, Ashina S, Dominguez M. Supraorbital nerve stimulation. In: Urits I, Hasoon JJ, eds. Interventional Management of Migraines and Other Headache Disorders. Elsevier; 2024:131-143. doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23557-3.00011-5
  8. Gress K, Charipova K, Fuller MC, Urits I, Kaye AD. Blood product management in developing countries. In: Scher CS, Kaye AD, Liu H, Perelman S, Leavitt S, eds. Essentials of Blood Product Management in Anesthesia Practice. Springer; 2021:439-442. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59295-0_46
  9. Charipova K, Gress K, Urits I, Cornett EM, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Chronic regional pain syndrome in the geriatric patient. In: Lawson EF, Castellanos JP, eds. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Springer International Publishing; 2021:311-321. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75373-3_15
  10. Jeha GM, Pham AD, Urits I, Sun L, Domangue DL, Charipova K, Gress K, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Diseases or conditions of platelet disorders. In: Scher CS, Kaye AD, Liu H, Perelman S, Leavitt S, eds. Essentials of Blood Product Management in Anesthesia Practice. Springer; 2021:57-68. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59295-0_7
  11. Fuller MC, Jeha GM, Sun L, Amgalan A, Urits I, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Substance abuse and coagulopathy. In: Scher CS, Kaye AD, Liu H, Perelman S, Leavitt S, eds. Essentials of Blood Product Management in Anesthesia Practice. Springer; 2021:387-395. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59295-0_40
  12. Orhurhu V, Aiudi C, Urits I, Gill JS. Miscellaneous spine procedures: nucleoplasty, intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET), and cryotherapy. In: Mao J, ed. Spine Pain Care. Springer; 2020:399-406. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27447-4_30
  13. Orhurhu V, Aiudi C, Urits I, Jones M, Zaccagnino MP. Sympathetic neural blockade and trigger point injections. In: Mao J, ed. Spine Pain Care. Springer; 2020:373-397. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27447-4_29

Journal Articles (PubMed Indexed)

  1. Hasoon J, Chuan J, Viswanath O, Urits I. Clinical Responses to Cocaine-Positive Urine Drug Screens in Patients Receiving Chronic Opioid Therapy: A Four-Patient Case Series. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2026;18:171215. doi:10.52965/001c.171215 PMID:42812943
  2. Anwar AI, Noble RK, Jenks KB, Shekoohi S, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AD. Common Pain Medications: Indications, Efficacy, Dosing, Formulations, Mechanisms of Action, and Contraindications. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2026;56(4 Suppl 1):8-56. doi:10.64719/pb.20767 PMID:42763632
  3. Hasoon J, Robinson CL, Urits I. Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections for Refractory Sacroiliac Joint Pain: A Two-Patient Case Series. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2026;18:171213. doi:10.52965/001c.171213 PMID:42812644
  4. Hasoon J, Nguyen A, Viswanath O, Urits I, Robinson CL. GLP-1-Based Therapies in Pain Medicine: A Narrative Review and Expert Opinion on Obesity-Related Low Back and Knee Pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2026;30(1):105. doi:10.1007/s11916-026-01546-9 PMID:42572056
  5. Sundar P, Urits I, Viswanath O, Robinson CL, Kaye AD, Hasoon J. Platelet-Rich Plasma Facet Joint Injections for Post-Traumatic Lumbar Facet-Mediated Pain: A Two-Patient Case Report. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2026;18:166432. doi:10.52965/001c.166432 PMID:42592353
  6. Hasoon J, Robinson CL, Yazdi C, Urits I, Kaye AD. The Infraneural Approach to Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: A Practical Review for Trainees and Interventionalists. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2026;18:166794. doi:10.52965/001c.166794 PMID:42631325
  7. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Robinson CL. Beyond Exposure: Standardizing Buprenorphine Training in Pain Medicine Fellowship. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2026;56(3):109-116. doi:10.64719/pb.18525 PMID:42267242
  8. Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Urits I, Varrassi G, Kaye AD. Discrepancies in Urine Drug Screening Among Patients Receiving Chronic Opioid Therapy for Non-Cancer Pain: A Retrospective Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2026;30(1):59. doi:10.1007/s11916-026-01496-2 PMID:42060008
  9. Hasoon J, Ng J, 2nd JS, Samaniego K, Viswanath O, Urits I, Robinson CL. Smoking Status Among Patients Presenting to a Chronic Pain Clinic: A Retrospective Review from a University-Affiliated Pain Clinic. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2026;56(2):58-67. doi:10.64719/pb.16581 PMID:41821987
  10. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Imani F, Abd-Elsayed A. Suzetrigine for Pain Management: An Observational Study of Early Adoption Patterns. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2026;56(2):52-57. doi:10.64719/pb.16578 PMID:41821989
  11. Hasoon J, Urits I. Functional Recovery Following Spinal Cord Stimulation in a Patient Utilizing Prospera Spinal Cord Stimulation System with Multiphase Stimulation. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2026;18:155096. doi:10.52965/001c.155096 PMID:41574223
  12. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O. Improved Pain and Function Using Multiphase Spinal Cord Stimulation in a Nonsurgical Spine Patient. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2026;18:155104. doi:10.52965/001c.155104 PMID:41612997
  13. Hasoon J, Nguyen A, Urits I, Viswanath O. Tramadol Utilization Patterns: A One-Year Retrospective Review. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2026;56(1):64-70. doi:10.64719/pb.15421 PMID:41531992
  14. Hasoon J, Robinson CL, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AD. Evaluating Bilateral Symptom Relief Following Parasagittal Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injections. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2025;17:143088. doi:10.52965/001c.143088 PMID:40823275
  15. Hasoon J, Qadeer A, Chen GH, Viswanath O, Urits I, Robinson CL. Methadone Prescribing Patterns at a Single Institution: A Retrospective Study and Clinical Implications. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2025;55(4):43-54. doi:10.64719/pb.4548 PMID:40630968
  16. Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Urits I, Abd-Elsayed A, Kaye AD. Prevalence of THC-Positive Urine Drug Screens in Patients Receiving Chronic Opioid Therapy: A Retrospective Review. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2025;55(4):36-42. doi:10.64719/pb.4549 PMID:40630967
  17. Nguyen P, Parikh S, Ko C, Nguyen G, Kaye AD, Urits I, Hasoon J. Notalgia Paresthetica: An Updated Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Approaches. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2025;29(1):87. doi:10.1007/s11916-025-01402-2 PMID:40397314
  18. Hasoon J, Chitneni A, Viswanath O, Urits I, Imani F, Varrassi G. Trends in Outpatient Buprenorphine Prescribing for Chronic Pain: A Retrospective Analysis Over 18 Months. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2025;55(3):8-19. doi:10.64719/pb.4529 PMID:40223912
  19. Vu PD, Pinkhasova D, Sarwary ZB, Markaryan AR, Mousa B, Viswanath O, Robinson CL, Varrassi G, Orhurhu V, Urits I, Hasoon J. Biologic Complications Associated with Cylindrical Lead Spinal Cord Stimulator Implants: A Narrative Review. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2024;16:123443. doi:10.52965/001c.123443 PMID:39624470
  20. Gill JS, Stippler M, Ruan Q, Hussain N, White AP, Oruhurhu V, Malik O, Simopoulos T, Urits I, D'Souza RS, Narang S, Hirsch JA. Validation of thoracolumbar injury classification and Severity Score in the management of acute and subacute Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures - A pilot study and a suggested modification. Interv Pain Med. 2024;3(3):100438. doi:10.1016/j.inpm.2024.100438 PMID:39309034
  21. Hasoon J, Sultana S, Malik A, Brown P, Ryder A, Robinson CL, Urits I, Varrassi G, Viswanath O. Stellate Ganglion Blocks for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Complications. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2024;54(4):106-118. doi:10.64719/pb.4505 PMID:39263203
  22. Hasoon J, Robinson C, Urits I, Viswanath O. Meralgia paresthetica treated with temporary peripheral nerve stimulation. Curr J Neurol. 2024;23(2):140-141. doi:10.18502/cjn.v23i2.16845 PMID:39744651
  23. Fuller MC, Carlson SF, Grant C, Berry V, Ivancich M, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Viswanath O, Urits I, Shekoohi S, Kaye AD. A Comprehensive Review of Lemborexant to Treat Insomnia. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2024;54(1):43-64. doi:10.64719/pb.4483 PMID:38449475
  24. Fuller MC, Carlson S, Pysick H, Berry V, Tondryk A, Swartz H, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AD. A Comprehensive Review of Solriamfetol to Treat Excessive Daytime Sleepiness. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2024;54(1):65-86. doi:10.64719/pb.4484 PMID:38449471
  25. Vu PD, Robinson CL, Viswanath O, Urits I, Hasoon J. Techniques in medicine: ipsilateral transforaminal epidural steroid injection in Bertolotti's syndrome. Pain Manag. 2024;14(3):125-128. doi:10.2217/pmt-2023-0105 PMID:38385170
  26. Ehioghae M, Montoya A, Keshav R, Vippa TK, Manuk-Hakobyan H, Hasoon J, Kaye AD, Urits I. Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-Based Rehabilitation Interventions in Improving Postoperative Outcomes for Orthopedic Surgery Patients. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2024;28(1):37-45. doi:10.1007/s11916-023-01192-5 PMID:38032538
  27. Ehioghae M, Vippa TK, Askins D, Slusarczyk S, Bobo E, Montoya A, Anderson D, Robinson CL, Kaye AD, Urits I. Exploring Orthopedic Stem-Cell Approaches for Osteoarthritis Management: Current Trends and Future Horizons. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2024;28(1):27-35. doi:10.1007/s11916-023-01191-6 PMID:38010488
  28. Raudenská J, Šteinerová V, Vodičková Š, Raudenský M, Fulková M, Urits I, Viswanath O, Varrassi G, Javůrková A. Arts Therapy and Its Implications in Chronic Pain Management: A Narrative Review. Pain Ther. 2023;12(6):1309-1337. doi:10.1007/s40122-023-00542-w PMID:37733173
  29. Vu PD, Bansal V, Chitneni A, Robinson CL, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AD, Nguyen A, Govindaraj R, Chen GH, Hasoon J. Buprenorphine for Chronic Pain Management: a Narrative Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2023;27(12):811-820. doi:10.1007/s11916-023-01185-4 PMID:37897592
  30. Foster P, Luebke M, Razzak AN, Anderson DJ, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Stigmatization as a Barrier to Urologic Care: A Review. Health Psychol Res. 2023;11:84273. doi:10.52965/001c.84273 PMID:37670795
  31. Remotti E, Nduaguba C, Woolley P, Ricciardelli R, Phung A, Kim R, Urits I, Kaye AD, Hasoon J, Simopoulos T, Yazdi C, Robinson CL. Review: Discogenic Back Pain: Update on Treatment. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2023;15:84649. doi:10.52965/001c.84649 PMID:37641793
  32. Fortier L, Sinkler MA, Witt AJD, Wenger DM, Imani F, Morsali SF, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. The Effects of Opioid Dependency Use on Postoperative Spinal Surgery Outcomes: A Review of the Available Literature. Anesth Pain Med. 2023;13(4):e136563. doi:10.5812/aapm-136563 PMID:38024004
  33. Poliwoda S, Noss B, Truong GTD, Creech ZA, Koushik SS, Urits I, Viswanath O. The Utilization of Low Dose Naltrexone for Chronic Pain. CNS Drugs. 2023;37(8):663-670. doi:10.1007/s40263-023-01018-3 PMID:37505425
  34. Anderson DJ, Aucoin A, Toups CR, Cormier D, McDonald M, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Depression: A Review. Health Psychol Res. 2023;11:81040. doi:10.52965/001c.81040 PMID:37465591
  35. Hasoon J, Nguyen A, Urits I, Robinson C, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. A Need for Further Education on Buprenorphine in Pain Medicine. Health Psychol Res. 2023;11:74958. doi:10.52965/001c.74958 PMID:37405316
  36. Capuco A, Urits I, Hasoon J, Chun R, Gerald B, Wang JK, Ngo AL, Simopoulos T, Kaye AD, Colontonio MM, Parker-Actlis TQ, Fuller MC, Viswanath O. Retraction Note: Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Depression: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2023;27(5):129. doi:10.1007/s11916-023-01106-5 PMID:36971925
  37. Wahab S, Kataria S, Woolley P, O'Hene N, Odinkemere C, Kim R, Urits I, Kaye AD, Hasoon J, Yazdi C, Robinson CL. Literature Review: Pericranial Nerve Blocks for Chronic Migraines. Health Psychol Res. 2023;11:74259. doi:10.52965/001c.74259 PMID:37139462
  38. Hasoon J, Robinson C, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Burning Mouth Syndrome Treated with Mandibular and Maxillary Nerve Blocks. Health Psychol Res. 2023;11:71456. doi:10.52965/001c.71456 PMID:36937081
  39. Gomez YdlC, Remotti E, Momah DU, Zhang E, Swanson DD, Kim R, Urits I, Kaye AD, Robinson CL. Meralgia Paresthetica Review: Update on Presentation, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. Health Psychol Res. 2023;11:71454. doi:10.52965/001c.71454 PMID:36937080
  40. Strong YN, Cao DY, Zhou J, Guenther MA, Anderson DJ, Kaye AD, Blick BE, Anandi PR, Patel HY, Urits I. Koro Syndrome: Epidemiology, Psychiatric and Physical Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options. Health Psychol Res. 2023;11:70165. doi:10.52965/001c.70165 PMID:36844644
  41. Schwartz RH, Urits I, Viswanath O. Carpal Tunnel Injection (Archived). StatPearls [Internet]. 2023. PMID:32491760
  42. Hasoon J, Robinson C, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Utilizing 10kHz Stimulation to Salvage a Failed Low Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation Trial. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2023;15:57624. doi:10.52965/001c.57624 PMID:36776275
  43. Yu H, Chen L, Yue C, Xu H, Cheng J, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Urits I, Viswanath O, Liu H. Effects of propofol and sevoflurane on T-cell immune function and Th cell differentiation in children with SMPP undergoing fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):2574-2580. doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2121416 PMID:36370066
  44. Virgen CG, Kelkar N, Tran A, Rosa CM, Cruz-Topete D, Amatya S, Cornett EM, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Pharmacological management of cancer pain: Novel therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;156:113871. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113871 PMID:36272265
  45. Zhang Q, Zheng J, Wang W, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Urits I, Viswanath O, Wei F. The Anticancer Effect of Metformin Combined with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients with or Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Oncol Ther. 2022;10(2):363-375. doi:10.1007/s40487-022-00209-0 PMID:36282467
  46. Gill JS, Kohan LR, Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Cai VL, Yazdi C, Aner MM, Kaye AD, Simopoulos TT. A Survey on the Choice of Spinal Cord Stimulation Parameters and Implantable Pulse Generators and on Reasons for Explantation. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(4):39648. doi:10.52965/001c.39648 PMID:36381501
  47. Mitra T, Koerber NK, Shah H, Kassels AC, Anderson DJ, Cooper BJ, Schaefer MB, Kaye AD, Siddaiah HBB, Mathew JS, Sterritt JR, Lee ZS, Urits I. Chaperones Utilization in Clinical Practice: Intimate and Sensitive Physical Examination Best Practice Strategies and Concepts in Modern Urological Medicine. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(4):38954. doi:10.52965/001c.38954 PMID:36425232
  48. Conant KJ, Huynh HN, Chan J, Le J, Yee MJ, Anderson DJ, Kaye AD, Miller BC, Drinkard JD, Cornett EM, Gomelsky A, Urits I. Racial Disparities and Mental Health Effects Within Prostate Cancer. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(4):39654. doi:10.52965/001c.39654 PMID:36425236
  49. Anderson DJ, Vazirnia P, Loehr C, Sternfels W, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Testosterone Replacement Therapy in the Treatment of Depression. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(4):38956. doi:10.52965/001c.38956 PMID:36452903
  50. Bendrick TR, Sitenga GL, Booth C, Sacco MP, Erie C, Anderson DJ, Kaye AD, Urits I. The Implications of Mental Health and Trauma in Interstitial Cystitis. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(4):40321. doi:10.52965/001c.40321 PMID:36425233
  51. Poliwoda S, Noor N, Mousa B, Sarwary Z, Noss B, Urits I, Viswanath O, Behara R, Ulicny K, Howe A, Mychaskiw G, Kaye AD. A comprehensive review of intraarticular knee injection therapy, geniculate injections, and peripheral nerve stimulation for knee pain in clinical practice. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(4):38676. doi:10.52965/001c.38676 PMID:36267543
  52. Shehata I, Hashim A, Elsaeidy A, Nair A, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Habib M. Cannabinoids and Their Role in Chronic Pain Treatment: Current Concepts and a Comprehensive Review. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(4):35848. doi:10.52965/001c.35848 PMID:36628124
  53. Strong YN, Li A, White ME, Razzak AN, Anderson DJ, Kaye AD, Herron EW, Khater NP, Bradley EC, Urits I. Dhat Syndrome: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Comorbidities, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(4):38759. doi:10.52965/001c.38759 PMID:36425228
  54. Razzak AN, Orlando NA, Angelette A, Kumar V, Anderson DJ, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Fitz-Gerald JS, Khater N, Urits I. Rare Mental Health Disorders Affecting Urologic Care: A Comprehensive Review. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(4):38674. doi:10.52965/001c.38674 PMID:36628123
  55. Schrader M, Urits I. Tracheal Rapid Sequence Intubation. StatPearls [Internet]. 2022. PMID:32809427
  56. Anderson D, Woods B, Abubakar T, Koontz C, Li N, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. A Comprehensive Review of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):38239. doi:10.52965/001c.38239 PMID:36128335
  57. Robinson CL, Berger A, Sottosanti E, Li M, Kaneb A, Keefe J, Kim E, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Acupuncture as Part of Multimodal Analgesia for Chronic Pain. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):38321. doi:10.52965/001c.38321 PMID:36168395
  58. Vij N, Kaley HN, Robinson CL, Issa PP, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Clinical Results Following Conservative Management of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Compared With Surgical Treatment: A Systematic Review. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37539. doi:10.52965/001c.37539 PMID:36072502
  59. Anderson D, Wijetunge H, Moore P, Provenzano D, Li N, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Gender Dysphoria and Its Non-Surgical and Surgical Treatments. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):38358. doi:10.52965/001c.38358 PMID:36168640
  60. Anderson DJ, Zhou J, Cao D, McDonald M, Guenther M, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Ketamine-Induced Cystitis: A Comprehensive Review of the Urologic Effects of This Psychoactive Drug. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):38247. doi:10.52965/001c.38247 PMID:36118982
  61. Anderson D, Kumar D, Divya D, Zepeda JL, Razzak AN, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Mental Health in Non-Oncologic Urology Patients. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):38352. doi:10.52965/001c.38352 PMID:36168643
  62. Anderson DJ, Cao DY, Zhou J, McDonald M, Razzak AN, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Opioids in Urology: How Well Are We Preventing Opioid Dependence and How Can We Do Better? Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):38243. doi:10.52965/001c.38243 PMID:36118983
  63. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Pain Management and Telemedicine: A Look at the COVID Experience and Beyond. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):38012. doi:10.52965/001c.38012 PMID:36071858
  64. Anderson DJ, Lucero M, Vining S, Daniel C, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Vasectomy Regret or Lack Thereof. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):38241. doi:10.52965/001c.38241 PMID:36118980
  65. Robinson CL, Parker K, Kataria S, Downs E, Supra R, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Viloxazine for the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):38360. doi:10.52965/001c.38360 PMID:36168642
  66. Herman JA, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A prediction model for delirium after cardiac surgery: Another step towards prevention? J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110238. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110238 PMID:33771428
  67. Vij N, Naron I, Tolson H, Rezayev A, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Back pain in adolescent athletes: a narrative review. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37097. doi:10.52965/001c.37097 PMID:35936806
  68. Poliwoda S, Noor N, Jenkins JS, Stark CW, Steib M, Hasoon J, Varrassi G, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Buprenorphine and its formulations: a comprehensive review. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):37517. doi:10.52965/001c.37517 PMID:35999975
  69. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. COVID-19: Anesthesia Management Recommendations. J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:109840. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109840 PMID:32362425
  70. Robinson CL, Supra R, Downs E, Kataria S, Parker K, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Daridorexant for the Treatment of Insomnia. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):37400. doi:10.52965/001c.37400 PMID:36045942
  71. Bartlett E, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Does tranexamic acid influence activated clotting time values in patients undergoing cardiac surgery? J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110125. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110125 PMID:33281028
  72. Bartlett E, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Hemodynamic management: Which strategy is most effective in reducing surgical site infections? J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110116. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110116 PMID:33153856
  73. Bartlett E, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Impact on cancer recurrence rates: Is regional anesthesia superior to general anesthesia? J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110082. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110082 PMID:33011036
  74. Bartlett E, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Is bilateral transversus thoracis muscle plane block effective in minimizing pain in pediatric cardiac surgery? J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110083. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110083 PMID:33012633
  75. Bartlett E, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Is sugammadex superior to neostigmine in reversing rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade? J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110288. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110288 PMID:33875335
  76. Vij N, Newgaard O, Norton M, Tolson H, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Liposomal Bupivacaine Decreases Post-Operative Opioid Use after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Review of Level I Evidence. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37159. doi:10.52965/001c.37159 PMID:35936807
  77. Anderson D, Laforge J, Ross MM, Vanlangendonck R, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Male Sexual Dysfunction. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):37533. doi:10.52965/001c.37533 PMID:35999971
  78. Anderson D, Razzak AN, McDonald M, Cao D, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Mental Health in Urologic Oncology. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):37518. doi:10.52965/001c.37518 PMID:35999977
  79. Vij N, Fabian I, Hansen C, Kasabali AJ, Urits I, Viswanath O. Outcomes after minimally invasive and surgical management of suprascapular nerve entrapment: A systematic review. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37157. doi:10.52965/001c.37157 PMID:35936798
  80. Vij N, Tolson H, Kiernan H, Agusala V, Viswanath O, Urits I. Pathoanatomy, biomechanics, and treatment of upper cervical ligamentous instability: A literature review. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37099. doi:10.52965/001c.37099 PMID:35936808
  81. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Perioperative crystalloid versus colloid fluids: Impact on postoperative nausea and vomiting reduction. J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110025. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110025 PMID:32800644
  82. Chitneni A, Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Berger A, Kaye AD. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Shoulder Pain Due to Rotator Cuff Pathology. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37494. doi:10.52965/001c.37494 PMID:36034725
  83. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Preoperative cognitive screening tools. J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:109799. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109799 PMID:32624325
  84. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Racial disparities in obstetric outcomes and anesthetic techniques for deliveries. J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:109989. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109989 PMID:32718775
  85. Hasegawa M, Singh D, Urits I, Pi M, Nakasone C, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Review on Nerve Blocks Utilized for Perioperative Total Knee Arthroplasty Analgesia. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37405. doi:10.52965/001c.37405 PMID:35936803
  86. Poliwoda S, Noor N, Downs E, Schaaf A, Cantwell A, Ganti L, Kaye AD, Mosel LI, Carroll CB, Viswanath O, Urits I. Stem cells: a comprehensive review of origins and emerging clinical roles in medical practice. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37498. doi:10.52965/001c.37498 PMID:36034728
  87. Herman JA, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. The effect of a dexmedetomidine infusion on delirium in the ICU. J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110351. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110351 PMID:34059407
  88. Bartlett E, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. The impact of regional anesthesia on patient outcomes in open reduction and internal fixation of the ankle. J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110165. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110165 PMID:33487494
  89. Herman JA, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. The presence of an emergency manual and team performance during a perioperative crisis. J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110152. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110152 PMID:33277140
  90. Berardino K, Carroll AH, Ricotti R, Popovsky D, Civilette MD, Urits I, Viswanath O, Sherman WF, Kaye AD. The Ramifications of Opioid Utilization and Outcomes of Alternative Pain Control Strategies for Total Knee Arthroplasties. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37496. doi:10.52965/001c.37496 PMID:36045694
  91. Vij N, Supra R, Vanvalkenburg D, Comardelle N, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. The role for high volume local infiltration analgesia with liposomal bupivacaine in total hip arthroplasty: A scoping review. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37101. doi:10.52965/001c.37101 PMID:35936804
  92. Bartlett E, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. The role of inspiratory oxygen fraction in postoperative pulmonary complications. J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110162. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110162 PMID:33339705
  93. Bartlett E, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. What is the optimal preoperative dose of duloxetine to reduce acute pain in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy? J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110146. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110146 PMID:33229055
  94. Herman J, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Which interventions can reduce post-operative delirium in the elderly? Synthesis of multidisciplinary and pharmacological intervention data. J Clin Anesth. 2022;79:110117. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110117 PMID:33144046
  95. Patel A, Koushik S, Schwartz R, Gritsenko K, Farah F, Urits I, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Shaparin N. Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Facet Mediated Low Back Pain: A Comprehensive Review. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(4):37076. doi:10.52965/001c.37076 PMID:35910548
  96. Noor N, Angelette A, Lawson A, Patel A, Urits I, Viswanath O, Yazdi C, Kaye AD. A Comprehensive Review of Zavegepant as Abortive Treatment for Migraine. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(3):35506. doi:10.52965/001c.35506 PMID:35774914
  97. Poliwoda S, Noor N, Urits I, Viswanath O, Gonzalez C, Kaye AD. A minimally invasive lumbar decompression procedure after an interspinous spacer device implantation: an uncommon order of treatment with a successful outcome. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(4):35844. doi:10.52965/001c.35844 PMID:35769664
  98. Rekatsina M, Paladini A, Viswanath O, Urits I, Myrcik D, Pergolizzi J, Breve F, Varrassi G. Opioids in the Elderly Patients with Cognitive Impairment: A Narrative Review. Pain Ther. 2022;11(2):381-394. doi:10.1007/s40122-022-00376-y PMID:35380373
  99. Anderson D, Szarvas D, Koontz C, Hebert J, Li N, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. A Comprehensive Review of Cluneal Neuralgia as a Cause of Lower Back Pain. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(4):35505. doi:10.52965/001c.35505 PMID:35769655
  100. Swanson D, Guedry R, Boudreaux M, Muhlenhaupt E, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. An Update on the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Occipital Neuralgia. J Craniofac Surg. 2022;33(3):779-783. doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000008360 PMID:34753868
  101. Hasoon J, Urits I, Mahmood S, Kaye AD. Restoring Successful Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy for a Patient with Severe Pocket Pain Utilizing Nalu Micro-Implantable Pulse Generator. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(4):35326. doi:10.52965/001c.35326 PMID:35769659
  102. Edinoff AN, Hegefeld TL, Petersen M, 2nd JCP, Yossi C, Slizewski J, Osumi A, Cornett EM, Kaye A, Kaye JS, Javalkar V, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AD. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:701348. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.701348 PMID:35711594
  103. Noor N, LaChute C, Root M, Rogers J, Richard M, Varrassi G, Urits I, Viswanath O, Khater N, Kaye AD. A Comprehensive Review of Celecoxib Oral Solution for the Acute Treatment of Migraine. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(2):34265. doi:10.52965/001c.34265 PMID:35783664
  104. Southerland WA, Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Simopoulos TT, Imani F, Karimi-Aliabadi H, Aner MM, Kohan L, Gill J. Dural Puncture During Spinal Cord Stimulator Lead Insertion: Analysis of Practice Patterns. Anesth Pain Med. 2022;12(2):e127179. doi:10.5812/aapm-127179 PMID:36158140
  105. Aranke M, McCrudy G, Rooney K, Patel K, Lee CA, Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Minimally Invasive and Conservative Interventions for the Treatment of Sacroiliac Joint Pain: A Review of Recent Literature. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):31915. doi:10.52965/001c.31915 PMID:36415486
  106. Maxey BS, Pruitt JW, Deville A, Montgomery C, Kaye AD, Urits I. Occipital Nerve Stimulation: An Alternative Treatment of Chronic Migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2022;26(4):337-346. doi:10.1007/s11916-022-01026-w PMID:35286589
  107. Berger AA, Syed Z, Ryan L, Lee C, Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Eskander JP. Superior Block Length and Reduced Opioid Use with Dexmedetomidine and Dexamethasone regional block versus plain Ropivacaine: a retrospective trial. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):31921. doi:10.52965/001c.31921 PMID:35775034
  108. Desforges AD, Hebert CM, Spence AL, Reid B, Dhaibar HA, Cruz-Topete D, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Urits I, Viswanath O. Treatment and diagnosis of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: An update. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;147:112671. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112671 PMID:35104697
  109. Zeien J, Qiu W, Triay M, Dhaibar HA, Cruz-Topete D, Cornett EM, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Clinical implications of chemotherapeutic agent organ toxicity on perioperative care. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;146:112503. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112503 PMID:34922113
  110. Gill J, Kohan L, Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Sadegi K, Orhurhu V, Lee AC, Aner MM, Simopoulos TT. Contralateral and Lateral Views: Analysis of the Technical Aspects of Spinal Cord Stimulator Lead Insertion. Anesth Pain Med. 2022;12(1):e123357. doi:10.5812/aapm.123357 PMID:35433387
  111. Berger AA, Robinson C, Winnick A, Izygon J, Jacob BM, Noonan MJ, Kaye AD, Kaye JS, Kaye AM, Cornett EM, Shah RJ, Viswanath O, Urits I. Opicapone for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease "Off" Episodes: Pharmacology and Clinical Considerations. Clin Drug Investig. 2022;42(2):127-135. doi:10.1007/s40261-021-01109-3 PMID:34935105
  112. Berger AA, Sottosanti ER, Winnick A, Keefe J, Gilbert E, Hasoon J, Thase ME, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Suvorexant in the Treatment of Difficulty Falling and Staying Asleep (Insomnia). Psychopharmacol Bull. 2022;52(1):68-90. doi:10.64719/pb.4429 PMID:35342199
  113. Robinson C, Pham C, Zamarripa AM, Dugay CS, Lee CA, Berger AA, Landman A, Cornett EM, Kassem H, Kaye AD, Urits I, Viswanath O, Ganti L. Inotersen to Treat Polyneuropathy Associated with Hereditary Transthyretin (hATTR) Amyloidosis. Health Psychol Res. 2022;10(5):67910. doi:10.52965/001c.67910 PMID:36726478
  114. Ayad AE, Salman OH, Ibrahim AMF, Al-Taher WAM, Mishriky AM, Pergolizzi JV, Viswanath O, Urits I, Rekatsina M, Peppin JF, Paladini A, Varrassi G. A Response to: Letter to the Editor regarding "Influences of Gender on Intravenous Nalbuphine Actions After Major Abdominal Surgery: A Multicenter Study". Pain Ther. 2021;10(2):1783-1786. doi:10.1007/s40122-021-00305-5 PMID:34431072
  115. Taylor S, Noor N, Urits I, Paladini A, Sadhu MS, Gibb C, Carlson T, Myrcik D, Varrassi G, Viswanath O. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Pain Ther. 2021;10(2):875-892. doi:10.1007/s40122-021-00279-4 PMID:34165690
  116. Taylor S, Noor N, Urits I, Paladini A, Sadhu MS, Gibb C, Carlson T, Myrcik D, Varrassi G, Viswanath O. Correction to: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Pain Ther. 2021;10(2):893-894. doi:10.1007/s40122-021-00291-8 PMID:34312807
  117. Shehata IM, Odell TD, Elhassan A, Spektor M, Urits I, Viswanath O, Jeha GM, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Correction to: Preoperative, Multidisciplinary Clinical Optimization of Patients with Severely Depressed Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Who Are Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Cardiol Ther. 2021;10(2):609-610. doi:10.1007/s40119-021-00235-5 PMID:34292505
  118. Ayad AE, Salman OH, Ibrahim AMF, Al-Taher WAM, Mishriky AM, Pergolizzi JV, Viswanath O, Urits I, Rekatsina M, Peppin JF, Paladini A, Varrassi G. Influences of Gender on Intravenous Nalbuphine Actions After Major Abdominal Surgery: A Multicenter Study. Pain Ther. 2021;10(2):1215-1233. doi:10.1007/s40122-021-00277-6 PMID:34110603
  119. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Varrassi G, Simopoulos TT, Kohan L, Gutierrez G, Orhurhu V, Aner M, Gill J. Percutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Lead Placement Under Deep Sedation and General Anesthesia. Pain Ther. 2021;10(2):1719-1730. doi:10.1007/s40122-021-00332-2 PMID:34652716
  120. Kaye AD, Ridgell S, Alpaugh ES, Mouhaffel A, Kaye AJ, Cornett EM, Chami AA, Shah R, Dixon BM, Viswanath O, Urits I, Edinoff AN, Urman RD. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: A Review of Techniques and Clinical Efficacy. Pain Ther. 2021;10(2):961-972. doi:10.1007/s40122-021-00298-1 PMID:34331668
  121. Haddad HW, Mallepalli NR, Scheinuk JE, Bhargava P, Cornett EM, Urits I, Kaye AD. The Role of Nutrient Supplementation in the Management of Chronic Pain in Fibromyalgia: A Narrative Review. Pain Ther. 2021;10(2):827-848. doi:10.1007/s40122-021-00266-9 PMID:33909266
  122. Orhurhu V, Huang L, Quispe RC, Khan F, Karri J, Urits I, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Abd-Elsayed A. Use of Radiofrequency Ablation for the Management of Headache: A Systematic Review. Pain Physician. 2021;24(7):E973-E987. PMID:34704708
  123. Sarrafpour S, Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Mahmoudi K, Simopoulos TT, Gill J, Kohan L. Antibiotics for Spinal Cord Stimulation Trials and Implants: A Survey Analysis of Practice Patterns. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(5):e120611. doi:10.5812/aapm.120611 PMID:35075422
  124. Kaye AD, Cornett EM, Brondeel KC, Lerner ZI, Knight HE, Erwin A, Charipova K, Gress KL, Urits I, Urman RD, Fox CJ, Kevil CG. Biology of COVID-19 and related viruses: Epidemiology, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2021;35(3):269-292. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.003 PMID:34511219
  125. Kaye AD, Edinoff AN, Temple SN, Kaye AJ, Chami AA, Shah RJ, Dixon BM, Alvarado MA, Cornett EM, Viswanath O, Urits I, Calodney AK. A Comprehensive Review of Novel Interventional Techniques for Chronic Pain: Spinal Stenosis and Degenerative Disc Disease-MILD Percutaneous Image Guided Lumbar Decompression, Vertiflex Interspinous Spacer, MinuteMan G3 Interspinous-Interlaminar Fusion. Adv Ther. 2021;38(9):4628-4645. doi:10.1007/s12325-021-01875-8 PMID:34398386
  126. Edinoff AN, Odisho AS, Lewis K, Kaskas A, Hunt G, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Kaye A, Morgan J, Barrilleaux PS, Lewis D, Viswanath O, Urits I. Brexanolone, a GABAA Modulator, in the Treatment of Postpartum Depression in Adults: A Comprehensive Review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:699740. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.699740 PMID:34594247
  127. Kaye AD, Edinoff AN, Scoon L, Youn S, Farrell KJ, Kaye AJ, Shah RJ, Cornett EM, Chami AA, Dixon BM, Alvarado MA, Viswanath O, Urits I, Calodney AK. Novel Interventional Techniques for Chronic Pain with Minimally Invasive Arthrodesis of the Sacroiliac Joint: (INSITE, iFuse, Tricor, Rialto, and others). Rheumatol Ther. 2021;8(3):1061-1072. doi:10.1007/s40744-021-00350-8 PMID:34331270
  128. Edinoff AN, Doppalapudi PK, Orellana C, Ochoa C, Patti S, Ghaffar Y, Cornett EM, Kaye AJ, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Paliperidone 3-Month Injection for Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:699748. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.699748 PMID:34621193
  129. Edinoff AN, Akuly HA, Hanna TA, Ochoa CO, Patti SJ, Ghaffar YA, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I, Boyer AG, Cornett EM, Kaye AM. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Adverse Effects: A Narrative Review. Neurol Int. 2021;13(3):387-401. doi:10.3390/neurolint13030038 PMID:34449705
  130. Maini K, Gould H, Hicks J, Iqbal F, Patterson J, Edinoff AN, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AD. Aripiprazole Lauroxil, a Novel Injectable Long-Acting Antipsychotic Treatment for Adults with Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review. Neurol Int. 2021;13(3):279-296. doi:10.3390/neurolint13030029 PMID:34287335
  131. Giacomazzi S, Urits I, Hoyt B, Hubble A, Cornett EM, Gress K, Charipova K, Berger AA, Kassem H, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Comprehensive Review and Update of Burning Eye Syndrome. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2021;8(3):255-260. doi:10.17294/2330-0698.1813 PMID:34322578
  132. Rekatsina M, Paladini A, Drewes AM, Ayob F, Viswanath O, Urits I, Corli O, Pergolizzi J, Varrassi G. Efficacy and Safety of Peripherally Acting μ-Opioid Receptor Antagonist (PAMORAs) for the Management of Patients With Opioid-Induced Constipation: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2021;13(7):e16201. doi:10.7759/cureus.16201 PMID:34367804
  133. Minwalla HD, Wrzesinski P, Desforges A, Caskey J, Wagner B, Ingraffia P, Patterson JC, Edinoff AN, Kaye AM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Paliperidone to Treat Psychotic Disorders. Neurol Int. 2021;13(3):343-358. doi:10.3390/neurolint13030035 PMID:34449689
  134. Peck J, Urits I, Peoples S, Foster L, Malla A, Berger AA, Cornett EM, Kassem H, Herman J, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Review of Over the Counter Treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain. Pain Ther. 2021;10(1):69-80. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00209-w PMID:33150555
  135. Noor N, Urits I, Degueure A, Rando L, Kata V, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Imani F, Narimani-Zamanabadi M, Varrassi G, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Update of the Current Understanding of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(3):e113629. doi:10.5812/aapm.113629 PMID:34540633
  136. Pope JE, Fishman M, Chakravarthy K, Hanes M, Gerling M, Heros R, Falowski S, Shah J, Orhurhu V, Urits I, Deer TR. A Retrospective, Multicenter, Quantitative Analysis of Patients' Baseline Pain Quality (PROMIS-29) Entering into Pain and Spine Practices in the United States (ALIGN). Pain Ther. 2021;10(1):539-550. doi:10.1007/s40122-021-00238-z PMID:33624253
  137. Watson J, Ninh MK, Ashford S, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Urits I, Viswanath O. Anesthesia Medications and Interaction with Chemotherapeutic Agents. Oncol Ther. 2021;9(1):121-138. doi:10.1007/s40487-021-00149-1 PMID:33861416
  138. Urits I, Noor N, Johal AS, Leider J, Brinkman J, Fackler N, Vij N, An D, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Basivertebral Nerve Ablation for the Treatment of Vertebrogenic Pain. Pain Ther. 2021;10(1):39-53. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00211-2 PMID:33128702
  139. Latimer DR, Edinoff AN, Ruff RD, Rooney KC, Penny KM, Patel SB, Sabbenahalli S, Kaye AM, Cornett EM, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AD. Cenobamate, a Sodium Channel Inhibitor and Positive Allosteric Modulator of GABAA Ion Channels, for Partial Onset Seizures in Adults: A Comprehensive Review and Clinical Implications. Neurol Int. 2021;13(2):252-265. doi:10.3390/neurolint13020026 PMID:34207493
  140. Urits I, Swanson D, Swett MC, Patel A, Berardino K, Amgalan A, Berger AA, Kassem H, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Correction to: A Review of Patisiran (ONPATTRO) for the Treatment of Polyneuropathy in People with Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Neurol Ther. 2021;10(1):407. doi:10.1007/s40120-020-00228-x PMID:33433892
  141. Bartlett E, Urman RD, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Does an individualized goal-directed therapy based on cerebral oxygen balance benefit high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery? J Clin Anesth. 2021;70:110189. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110189 PMID:33561707
  142. Shehata IM, Odell TD, Elhassan A, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Global Longitudinal Strain: Is It Time to Change the Preoperative Cardiac Assessment of Oncology Patients? Oncol Ther. 2021;9(1):13-19. doi:10.1007/s40487-020-00134-0 PMID:33249544
  143. Orhurhu V, Chu R, Xie K, Kamanyi GN, Salisu B, Salisu-Orhurhu M, Urits I, Kaye RJ, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AJ, Karri J, Marshall Z, Kaye AD, Anahita D. Management of Lower Extremity Pain from Chronic Venous Insufficiency: A Comprehensive Review. Cardiol Ther. 2021;10(1):111-140. doi:10.1007/s40119-021-00213-x PMID:33704678
  144. Latimer D, Stocker MD, Sayers K, Green J, Kaye AM, Abd-Elsayed A, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. MDMA to Treat PTSD in Adults. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2021;51(3):125-149. doi:10.64719/pb.4414 PMID:34421149
  145. Shehata IM, Elhassan A, Urits I, Viswanath O, Seoane L, Shappley C, Kaye AD. Postoperative Management of Hyperinflated Native Lung in Single-Lung Transplant Recipients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review Article. Pulm Ther. 2021;7(1):37-46. doi:10.1007/s41030-020-00141-6 PMID:33263926
  146. Shehata IM, Odell TD, Elhassan A, Spektor M, Urits I, Viswanath O, Jeha GM, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Preoperative, Multidisciplinary Clinical Optimization of Patients with Severely Depressed Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Who Are Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Cardiol Ther. 2021;10(1):57-66. doi:10.1007/s40119-020-00207-1 PMID:33367988
  147. Rao PN, Mainkar O, Bansal N, Rakesh N, Haffey P, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Gulati A, Jones M. Flavonoids in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(7):43. doi:10.1007/s11916-021-00959-y PMID:33961144
  148. Berger AA, Sottosanti ER, Winnick A, Izygon J, Berardino K, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Monomethyl Fumarate (MMF, Bafiertam) for the Treatment of Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Neurol Int. 2021;13(2):207-223. doi:10.3390/neurolint13020022 PMID:34069538
  149. Berger AA, Liu Y, Possoit H, Rogers AC, Moore W, Gress K, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Imani F, Sadegi K, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) and Chronic Pain. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(2):e113020. doi:10.5812/aapm.113020 PMID:34336621
  150. Berger AA, Liu Y, Jin K, Kaneb A, Welschmeyer A, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Imani F, Khademi S, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Efficacy of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Chronic Abdominal Pain. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(2):e113027. doi:10.5812/aapm.113027 PMID:34336622
  151. Berger AA, Liu Y, Mosel L, Champagne KA, Ruoff MT, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Imani F, Shakeri A, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Efficacy of Dry Needling and Acupuncture in the Treatment of Neck Pain. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(2):e113627. doi:10.5812/aapm.113627 PMID:34336626
  152. Southerland WA, Gillis J, Urits I, Kaye AD, Eskander J. Intraoperative Administration of Dexmedetomidine and Dexamethasone in Local Anesthetic Infiltration to Improve Postoperative Pain Control After Posterior Cervical Fusion. Cureus. 2021;13(4):e14699. doi:10.7759/cureus.14699 PMID:34055542
  153. Hasoon J, Chitneni A, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Peripheral Stimulation of the Saphenous and Superior Lateral Genicular Nerves for Chronic Knee Pain. Cureus. 2021;13(4):e14753. doi:10.7759/cureus.14753 PMID:34084679
  154. Sheata IM, Smith SR, Kamel H, Varrassi G, Imani F, Dayani A, Myrcik D, Urits I, Viswanath O, Taha SS. Pulmonary Embolism and Cardiac Tamponade in Critical Care Patients with COVID-19; Telemedicine's Role in Developing Countries: Case Reports and Literature Review. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(2):e113752. doi:10.5812/aapm.113752 PMID:34336628
  155. Giglio M, Preziosa A, Rekatsina M, Viswanath O, Urits I, Varrassi G, Paladini A, Puntillo F. Successful Spinal Cord Stimulation for Necrotizing Raynaud's Phenomenon in COVID-19 Affected Patient: The Nightmare Comes Back. Cureus. 2021;13(4):e14569. doi:10.7759/cureus.14569 PMID:34079662
  156. Shehata IM, Barsoumv S, Elhass A, Varrassi G, Paladini A, Myrcik D, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Anesthetic Considerations for Cesarean Delivery After Uterine Transplant. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e13920. doi:10.7759/cureus.13920 PMID:33880271
  157. Cornett EM, Rando L, Labbé AM, Perkins W, Kaye AM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Brexanolone to Treat Postpartum Depression in Adult Women. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2021;51(2):115-130. doi:10.64719/pb.4397 PMID:34092826
  158. Edinoff AN, Wu NW, Maxey BS, Ren AL, Leethy KN, Girma B, Odisho A, Kaye JS, Kaye AJ, Kaye AM, Kaye AD, Mychaskiw G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Brexpiprazole for the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Pharmacological Considerations in Clinical Practice. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2021;51(2):69-95. doi:10.64719/pb.4399 PMID:34092824
  159. Hu B, Yan L, Yang Y, Yu Y, Sun Q, Zhang J, Nan H, Han Y, Hu Y, Sun Y, Xiao G, Tian Q, Yue C, Feng J, Zhai L, Zhao D, Cui G, Welch VL, Cornett EM, Urits I, Viswanath O, Varrassi G, Kaye AD, Wang W. Classification of Prostate Transitional Zone Cancer and Hyperplasia Using Deep Transfer Learning From Disease-Related Images. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e14108. doi:10.7759/cureus.14108 PMID:33927922
  160. Edinoff AN, Silverblatt NS, Vervaeke HE, Horton CC, Girma E, Kaye AD, Kaye A, Kaye JS, Garcia AJ, Neuchat EE, Eubanks TN, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Hyperprolactinemia, Clinical Considerations, and Infertility in Women on Antipsychotic Medications. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2021;51(2):131-148. doi:10.64719/pb.4396 PMID:34092827
  161. Edinoff AN, Nguyen LH, Fitz-Gerald MJ, Crane E, Lewis K, Pierre SS, Kaye AD, Kaye AM, Kaye JS, Kaye RJ, Gennuso SA, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Lamotrigine and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Prevention. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2021;51(2):96-114. doi:10.64719/pb.4398 PMID:34092825
  162. Abd-Elsayed A, Tang T, Karri J, Hughes M, Urits I, Gupta M, Pasqualucci A, Myrcik D, Varrassi G, Viswanath O. Neuromodulation for Pain Management in the Inpatient Setting: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e13892. doi:10.7759/cureus.13892 PMID:33880248
  163. Kuppalli S, Seth R, Orhurhu V, Urits I, Kaye AD, Hunter C, Gulati A, Adekoya P, Kaye AM, Jones MR. Recent Advances in the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(4):23. doi:10.1007/s11916-021-00941-8 PMID:33693999
  164. Chitneni A, Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Eskander J. Synergistic Effects of Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine in Extending the Effects of Pectoral I and Pectoral II Blocks for Postoperative Analgesia Following Total Mastectomy with Lymph Node Dissection. Clin Pract. 2021;11(2):190-192. doi:10.3390/clinpract11020027 PMID:33808063
  165. Li N, Dierks G, Vervaeke HE, Jumonville A, Kaye AD, Myrcik D, Paladini A, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2021;10(5):962. doi:10.3390/jcm10050962 PMID:33804565
  166. Charipova K, Gress K, Berger AA, Kassem H, Schwartz R, Herman J, Miriyala S, Paladini A, Varrassi G, Kaye AD, Urits I. A Comprehensive Review and Update of Post-surgical Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(2):11. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00924-1 PMID:33547511
  167. Urits I, Schwartz R, Herman J, Berger AA, Lee D, Lee C, Zamarripa AM, Slovek A, Habib K, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Update of the Superior Hypogastric Block for the Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(3):13. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00933-0 PMID:33630172
  168. Garcia A, Clark EA, Rana S, Preciado D, Jeha GM, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AD, Abdallah C. Effects of Premedication With Midazolam on Recovery and Discharge Times After Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy. Cureus. 2021;13(2):e13101. doi:10.7759/cureus.13101 PMID:33728122
  169. Vij N, Kiernan H, Miller-Gutierrez S, Agusala V, Kaye AD, Imani F, Zaman B, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Etiology Diagnosis and Management of Radial Nerve Entrapment. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(1):e112823. doi:10.5812/aapm.112823 PMID:34221946
  170. Berger AA, Urits I, Hasoon J, Gill J, Aner M, Yazdi CA, Viswanath O, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Imani F, Imani F, Varrassi G, Simopoulos TT. Improved Pain Control with Combination Spinal Cord Stimulator Therapy Utilizing Sub-perception and Traditional Paresthesia Based Waveforms: A Pilot Study. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(1):e113089. doi:10.5812/aapm.113089 PMID:34221951
  171. Urits I, Schwartz R, Siddaiah HB, Kikkeri S, Chernobylsky D, Charipova K, Jung JW, Imani F, Khorramian M, Varrassi G, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Inferior Hypogastric Block for the Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(1):e112225. doi:10.5812/aapm.112225 PMID:34221944
  172. Shehata IM, Elhassan A, Munoz DA, Okereke B, Cornett EM, Varrassi G, Imani F, Kaye AD, Sehat-Kashani S, Urits I, Viswanath O. Intraoperative Hypotension Increased Risk in the Oncological Patient. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(1):e112830. doi:10.5812/aapm.112830 PMID:34221948
  173. Vij N, Kiernan H, Bisht R, Singleton I, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Imani F, Varrassi G, Pourbahri M, Viswanath O, Urits I. Surgical and Non-surgical Treatment Options for Piriformis Syndrome: A Literature Review. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(1):e112825. doi:10.5812/aapm.112825 PMID:34221947
  174. Aranke M, Pham CT, Yilmaz M, Wang JK, Orhurhu V, An D, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Ngo AL, Imani F, Rad RF, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Topical Sevoflurane: A Novel Treatment for Chronic Pain Caused by Venous Stasis Ulcers. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(1):e112832. doi:10.5812/aapm.112832 PMID:34221949
  175. Urits I, Jung JW, Amgalan A, Fortier L, Anya A, Wesp B, Orhurhu V, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Imani F, Varrassi G, Liu H, Viswanath O. Utilization of Magnesium for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(1):e112348. doi:10.5812/aapm.112348 PMID:34221945
  176. Cornett EM, Amarasinghe SN, Angelette A, Abubakar T, Kaye AM, Kaye AD, Neuchat EE, Urits I, Viswanath O. VALTOCO (Diazepam Nasal Spray) for the Acute Treatment of Intermittent Stereotypic Episodes of Frequent Seizure Activity. Neurol Int. 2021;13(1):64-78. doi:10.3390/neurolint13010007 PMID:33670456
  177. Urits I, Schwartz RH, Orhurhu V, Maganty NV, Reilly BT, Patel PM, Wie C, Kaye AD, Mancuso KF, Kaye AJ, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Review of Alternative Therapies for the Management of Chronic Pain Patients: Acupuncture, Tai Chi, Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, and Chiropractic Care. Adv Ther. 2021;38(1):76-89. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01554-0 PMID:33184777
  178. Urits I, Wang JK, Yancey K, Mousa M, Jung JW, Berger AA, Shehata IM, Elhassan A, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Acupuncture for the Management of Low Back Pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(1):2. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00919-y PMID:33443607
  179. Urits I, Charipova K, Gress K, Li N, Berger AA, Cornett EM, Kassem H, Ngo AL, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Adverse Effects of Recreational and Medical Cannabis. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2021;51(1):94-109. doi:10.64719/pb.4395 PMID:33897066
  180. Lassiter G, Bergeron C, Guedry R, Cucarola J, Kaye AM, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. Belantamab Mafodotin to Treat Multiple Myeloma: A Comprehensive Review of Disease, Drug Efficacy and Side Effects. Curr Oncol. 2021;28(1):640-660. doi:10.3390/curroncol28010063 PMID:33494319
  181. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Dar B, Kaye AD. Erector Spinae Plane Block for the Treatment of Post Mastectomy Pain Syndrome. Cureus. 2021;13(1):e12656. doi:10.7759/cureus.12656 PMID:33585141
  182. Berger AA, Urits I, Hasoon J, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Eskander J. Pain Alleviation and Opioid Weaning in an 80-Year-Old with Chronic Foot Pain Following Injection Therapy with Perineural Dexmedetomidine and Dexamethasone. Surg J (N Y). 2021;7(1):e1-e2. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1722176 PMID:33437869
  183. Orhurhu V, Gao C, Agudile E, Monegro W, Urits I, Orhurhu MS, Olatoye D, Viswanath O, Hirji S, Jones M, Ngo A, Aiudi C, Simopoulos T, Gill J. Socioeconomic Disparities in the Utilization of Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy in Patients with Chronic Pain. Pain Pract. 2021;21(1):75-82. doi:10.1111/papr.12936 PMID:32654360
  184. Schwartz RH, Southerland W, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Yazdi C. Successful Reimplantation of Spinal Cord Stimulator One Year after Device Removal Due to Infection. Surg J (N Y). 2021;7(1):e11-e13. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1722179 PMID:33542950
  185. Urits I, Li N, Berger AA, Walker P, Wesp B, Zamarripa AM, An D, Cornett EM, Abd-Elsayed A, Kaye AD. Treatment and Management of Loin Pain Hematuria Syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(1):6. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00925-0 PMID:33495883
  186. Urits I, Noor N, Fackler N, Fortier L, Berger AA, Kassem H, Kaye AD, Colon MA, Miriyala S, Viswanath O. Treatment and Management of Twelfth Rib Syndrome: A Best Practices Comprehensive Review. Pain Physician. 2021;24(1):E45-E50. doi:10.36076/ppj.2021.24.e45-e50 PMID:33400437
  187. Edinoff AN, Casey CA, Colon MA, Zaheri AR, Gregoire CM, Bourg MM, Kaye AD, Kaye JS, Kaye AM, Kaye RJ, Tirumala SR, Viswanath O, Urits I. Ubrogepant to Treat Acute Migraine in Adults. Neurol Int. 2021;13(1):32-45. doi:10.3390/neurolint13010004 PMID:33525313
  188. Berger AA, Urits I, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Yazdi C. Caudal epidural blood patch for the treatment of persistent post-dural puncture headache following intrathecal pump placement in a patient with lumbar instrumentation. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2021;53(2):187-189. doi:10.5114/ait.2021.104369 PMID:33788509
  189. Hasoon J, Urits I, Berger AA, Viswanath O. Interventional pain management for a patient with chronic post-traumatic headaches after a traumatic brain injury. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2021;53(3):279-280. doi:10.5114/ait.2021.103521 PMID:33586419
  190. Puntillo F, Giglio M, Paladini A, Perchiazzi G, Viswanath O, Urits I, Sabbà C, Varrassi G, Brienza N. Pathophysiology of musculoskeletal pain: a narrative review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021;13:1759720X21995067. doi:10.1177/1759720x21995067 PMID:33737965
  191. Gress KL, Charipova K, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Supply, Demand, and Quality: A Three-Pronged Approach to Blood Product Management in Developing Countries. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2021;8(2):121-126. doi:10.17294/2330-0698.1799 PMID:33898644
  192. Chitneni A, Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Orhurhu V, Kaye A, Eskander JP. Thoracolumbar interfascial plane block and erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing spine surgery. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2021;53(4):366-367. doi:10.5114/ait.2021.108157 PMID:35257570
  193. Urits I, Swanson D, Swett MC, Patel A, Berardino K, Amgalan A, Berger AA, Kassem H, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Review of Patisiran (ONPATTRO) for the Treatment of Polyneuropathy in People with Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Neurol Ther. 2020;9(2):301-315. doi:10.1007/s40120-020-00208-1 PMID:32785879
  194. Urits I, Schwartz RH, Patel P, Zeien J, Connor D, Hasoon J, Berger AA, Kassem H, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Review of the Recent Findings in Minimally Invasive Treatment Options for the Management of Occipital Neuralgia. Neurol Ther. 2020;9(2):229-241. doi:10.1007/s40120-020-00197-1 PMID:32488840
  195. Urits I, Patel M, Putz ME, Monteferrante NR, Nguyen D, An D, Cornett EM, Hasoon J, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Acupuncture and Its Role in the Treatment of Migraine Headaches. Neurol Ther. 2020;9(2):375-394. doi:10.1007/s40120-020-00216-1 PMID:33001385
  196. Burroughs MA, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Hasoon J. Adrenal Ganglioneuroma: A Rare Tumor of the Autonomic Nervous System. Cureus. 2020;12(12):e12398. doi:10.7759/cureus.12398 PMID:33532158
  197. Urits I, Yilmaz M, Charipova K, Gress K, Bahrum E, Swett M, Berger AA, Kassem H, Ngo AL, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. An Evidence-Based Review of Galcanezumab for the Treatment of Migraine. Neurol Ther. 2020;9(2):403-417. doi:10.1007/s40120-020-00214-3 PMID:33010021
  198. Gress KL, Charipova K, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. An Overview of Current Recommendations and Options for the Management of Cancer Pain: A Comprehensive Review. Oncol Ther. 2020;8(2):251-259. doi:10.1007/s40487-020-00128-y PMID:32894414
  199. Vij N, Traube B, Bisht R, Singleton I, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Imani F, Erdi AM, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. An Update on Treatment Modalities for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment: A Literature Review. Anesth Pain Med. 2020;10(6):e112070. doi:10.5812/aapm.112070 PMID:34150581
  200. Orhurhu V, Orman S, Peck J, Urits I, Orhurhu MS, Jones MR, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Odonkor C, Hirji S, Cornett EM, Imani F, Varrassi G, Viswanath O. Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery- A Systematic Review of Open and Endoscopic Approaches. Anesth Pain Med. 2020;10(6):e112291. doi:10.5812/aapm.112291 PMID:34150584
  201. Gress K, Urits I, Viswanath O, Urman RD. Clinical and economic burden of postoperative nausea and vomiting: Analysis of existing cost data. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(4):681-686. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.07.003 PMID:33288118
  202. Berger AA, Winnick A, Welschmeyer A, Kaneb A, Berardino K, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Istradefylline to Treat Patients with Parkinson's Disease Experiencing "Off" Episodes: A Comprehensive Review. Neurol Int. 2020;12(3):109-129. doi:10.3390/neurolint12030017 PMID:33302331
  203. Schwartz R, Urits I, Viswanath O. Letter to the Editor Regarding Efficacy and Safety of Diclofenac and Capsaicin Gel in Patients with Acute Back/Neck Pain: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study. Pain Ther. 2020;9(2):819-821. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00181-5 PMID:32648203
  204. Lassiter G, Melancon C, Rooney T, Murat A, Kaye JS, Kaye AM, Kaye RJ, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Shah RJ, Viswanath O, Urits I. Ozanimod to Treat Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review of Disease, Drug Efficacy and Side Effects. Neurol Int. 2020;12(3):89-108. doi:10.3390/neurolint12030016 PMID:33287177
  205. Urits I, Schwartz R, Smoots D, Koop L, Veeravelli S, Orhurhu V, Cornett EM, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Imani F, Varrassi G, Viswanath O. Peripheral Neuromodulation for the Management of Headache. Anesth Pain Med. 2020;10(6):e110515. doi:10.5812/aapm.110515 PMID:34150578
  206. Charipova K, Urits I, Viswanath O, Urman RD. Preoperative assessment and optimization of cognitive dysfunction and frailty in the ambulatory surgical patient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2020;33(6):732-739. doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000901 PMID:32769745
  207. Noor NA, Urits I, Viswanath O, Alexandre L, Kaye AD. Radiofrequency Ablation of the Splanchnic Nerve and Superior Hypogastric Plexus for Chronic Abdominal Pain Status Post-Abdominal Surgery. Cureus. 2020;12(12):e12189. doi:10.7759/cureus.12189 PMID:33489599
  208. Suh W, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Patel H, Hall W, Eskander JP. Three Cases of COVID-19 Pneumonia That Responded to Icosapent Ethyl Supportive Treatment. Am J Case Rep. 2020;21:e928422. doi:10.12659/ajcr.928422 PMID:33311431
  209. Kassem H, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Eskander JP. Use of Dexmedetomidine With Dexamethasone for Extended Pain Relief in Adductor Canal/Popliteal Nerve Block During Achilles Tendon Repair. Cureus. 2020;12(12):e11917. doi:10.7759/cureus.11917 PMID:33425503
  210. Tully J, Jung JW, Patel A, Tukan A, Kandula S, Doan A, Imani F, Varrassi G, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Utilization of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion for the Treatment of Refractory Chronic Pain. Anesth Pain Med. 2020;10(6):e112290. doi:10.5812/aapm.112290 PMID:34150583
  211. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Can enhanced recovery protocols impact non-opioid multimodal analgesia use in all surgical patients? J Clin Anesth. 2020;66:109963. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109963 PMID:32599510
  212. Edinoff A, Sathivadivel N, McBride T, Parker A, Okeagu C, Kaye AD, Kaye AM, Kaye JS, Kaye RJ, Sheth MM, Viswanath O, Urits I. Chronic Pain Treatment Strategies in Parkinson's Disease. Neurol Int. 2020;12(3):61-76. doi:10.3390/neurolint12030014 PMID:33218135
  213. Herman J, Urits I, Eskander J, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Correction: Adductor Canal Block Duration of Analgesia Successfully Prolonged With Perineural Dexmedetomidine and Dexamethasone in Addition to IPACK Block for Total Knee Arthroplasty. Cureus. 2020;12(11):c39. doi:10.7759/cureus.c39 PMID:33209562
  214. Noor NA, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Eskander J. Correction: Synergistic Effect of Perineural Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine (Dex-Dex) Prolong Analgesic Effect of a Preoperative Interscalene Block. Cureus. 2020;12(11):c40. doi:10.7759/cureus.c40 PMID:33209563
  215. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Erector Spinae Plane Block (ESPB) or Quadratus Lumborum Block (QLB-II) for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Impact on postoperative analgesia. J Clin Anesth. 2020;66:109958. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109958 PMID:32563073
  216. Berger AA, Sherburne R, Urits I, Patel H, Eskander J. Icosapent Ethyl (Vascepa) for the Treatment of Acute, Severe Pancreatitis. Cureus. 2020;12(11):e11551. doi:10.7759/cureus.11551 PMID:33365220
  217. Orhurhu V, Khan F, Orhurhu MS, Agudile E, Urits I, Hasoon J, Owais K, Chu R, Ogunsola D, Viswanath O, Yazdi C, Karri J, Hirji S, Gill J, Simopoulos T. Obesity Trends Amongst Hospitalized Patients with Spinal Cord Stimulator Implants. Adv Ther. 2020;37(11):4614-4626. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01487-8 PMID:32935285
  218. Paranjpe MD, Chin AC, Paranjpe I, Reid NJ, Duy PQ, Wang JK, O'Hagan R, Arzani A, Haghdel A, Lim CC, Orhurhu V, Urits I, Ngo AL, Glicksberg BS, Hall KT, Mehta D, Cooper RS, Nadkarni GN. Self-reported health without clinically measurable benefits among adult users of multivitamin and multimineral supplements: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e039119. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039119 PMID:33148746
  219. Orhurhu V, Khan F, Quispe RC, Huang L, Urits I, Jones M, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Abd-Elsayed A. Use of Radiofrequency Ablation for the Management of Facial Pain: A Systematic Review. Pain Physician. 2020;23(6):E559-E580. doi:10.36076/ppj.2020.23.e559 PMID:33185371
  220. Urits I, Virgen CG, Alattar H, Jung JW, Berger AA, Kassem H, Shehata IM, Elhassan A, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Review and Update of the Use of Dexmedetomidine for Regional Blocks. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):121-141. doi:10.64719/pb.4386 PMID:33633422
  221. Gress K, Charipova K, Kassem H, Berger AA, Cornett EM, Hasoon J, Schwartz R, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. A Comprehensive Review of Slipping Rib Syndrome: Treatment and Management. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):189-196. doi:10.64719/pb.4389 PMID:33633425
  222. Patel R, Urits I, Wolf J, Murthy A, Cornett EM, Jones MR, Ngo AL, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Update of Adhesive Capsulitis and Minimally Invasive Treatment Options. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):91-107. doi:10.64719/pb.4384 PMID:33633420
  223. Urits I, Schwartz RH, Brinkman J, Foster L, Miro P, Berger AA, Kassem H, Kaye AD, Manchikanti L, Viswanath O. An Evidence Based Review of Epidurolysis for the Management of Epidural Adhesions. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):74-90. doi:10.64719/pb.4383 PMID:33633419
  224. Urits I, Adamian L, Miro P, Callan J, Patel PM, Patel M, Berger AA, Kassem H, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. An Evidence-Based Review of Elagolix for the Treatment of Pain Secondary to Endometriosis. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):197-215. doi:10.64719/pb.4390 PMID:33633426
  225. Herman J, Urits I, Urman RD, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Eskander JP. Combination of perineural dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine prolong analgesic duration of a supraclavicular block in a patient with complex regional pain syndrome. J Clin Anesth. 2020;65:109873. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109873 PMID:32473512
  226. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. COVID-19: Obstetric anesthesia care considerations. J Clin Anesth. 2020;65:109860. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109860 PMID:32417620
  227. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. COVID-19: Recommendations for regional anesthesia. J Clin Anesth. 2020;65:109885. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109885 PMID:32454343
  228. Nadherny WC, Fiala K, Urits I, Viswanath O, Abd-Elsayed A. Efficacy of Electrical Spinal Cord Stimulation with Neuromodulating Medications: A Systematic Review. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):67-73. doi:10.64719/pb.4382 PMID:33633418
  229. Hasoon J, Urits I, Burroughs M, Cai V, Orhurhu V, Aner M, Yazdi C, Simopoulos T, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Hess PE, Gill J. Epidural Blood Patch does not Contribute to the Development of Chronic Low Back Pain in Patients who Undergo Lumbar Punctures: A Pilot Study. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):17-24. doi:10.64719/pb.4378 PMID:33633414
  230. Noor NA, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Eskander J. Fascia Iliaca Block Successfully Prolonged With Dexmedetomidine and Dexamethasone for Pain Control in a Patient Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e10897. doi:10.7759/cureus.10897 PMID:33194466
  231. Kaye AD, Jeha GM, Pham AD, Fuller MC, Lerner ZI, Sibley GT, Cornett EM, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kevil CG. Folic Acid Supplementation in Patients with Elevated Homocysteine Levels. Adv Ther. 2020;37(10):4149-4164. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01474-z PMID:32845472
  232. Sherburne R, Urits I, Barr J, Urman RD, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Hemodynamic volatility that can result from suboptimal preoperative optimization complicated by Fontan physiology during a pheochromocytoma removal. J Clin Anesth. 2020;65:109828. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109828 PMID:32408113
  233. Peck J, Urits I, Kassem H, Lee C, Robinson W, Cornett EM, Berger AA, Herman J, Jung JW, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Interventional Approaches to Pain and Spasticity Related to Cerebral Palsy. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):108-120. doi:10.64719/pb.4385 PMID:33633421
  234. Sun C, Wang Y, Dai Y, Liu Z, Yang J, Cheng Z, Dong D, Wang C, Zhao G, Lu G, Song T, Jin Y, Sun L, Kaye AD, Urits I, Viswanath O, Sun Y. Intrathecal Morphine Delivery at Cisterna Magna to Control Refractory Cancer-Related Pain: A Prospective Cohort Study. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):48-66. doi:10.64719/pb.4381 PMID:33633417
  235. Chu R, Umukoro N, Greer T, Roberts J, Adekoya P, Odonkor CA, Hagedorn JM, Olatoye D, Urits I, Orhurhu MS, Umukoro P, Viswanath O, Hasoon J, Kaye AD, Orhurhu V. Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion for the Management of Early Postoperative Pain: A Comprehensive Review of Controlled Trials. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):216-259. doi:10.64719/pb.4391 PMID:33633427
  236. Berger AA, Winnick A, Popovsky D, Kaneb A, Berardino K, Kaye AM, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Lasmiditan for the Treatment of Migraines With or Without Aura in Adults. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):163-188. doi:10.64719/pb.4388 PMID:33633424
  237. Hasoon J, Urits I, Al-Jumah R, Burroughs M, Cai V, Viswanath O, Aner M, Rana PH, Simopoulos T, Kaye AD, Gill J. Long-Term Outcomes of Post Dural Puncture Headache Treated With Epidural Blood Patch: A Pilot Study. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):25-32. doi:10.64719/pb.4379 PMID:33633415
  238. Peck J, Urits I, Crane J, McNally A, Noor N, Patel M, Berger AA, Cornett EM, Kassem H, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Oral Muscle Relaxants for the Treatment of Chronic Pain Associated with Cerebral Palsy. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):142-162. doi:10.64719/pb.4387 PMID:33633423
  239. Al-Jumah R, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Hasoon J. Radiofrequency Ablation and Alcohol Neurolysis of the Splanchnic Nerves for a Patient With Abdominal Pain From Pancreatic Cancer. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e10758. doi:10.7759/cureus.10758 PMID:33150109
  240. Kassem H, Urits I, Hasoon J, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Tarlov cysts in a 49-year-old woman presenting with bilateral lower-extremity radiculopathy: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health. 2020;28:e00248. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00248 PMID:32874930
  241. Abd-Elsayed A, Loebertman M, Huynh P, Urits I, Viswanath O, Sehgal N. The Long-Term Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation With and Without Steroid Injection. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4 Suppl 1):11-16. doi:10.64719/pb.4377 PMID:33633413
  242. Chaudhary O, Baribeau Y, Urits I, Sharkey A, Rashid R, Hess P, Krumm S, Fatima H, Zhang Q, Gangadharan S, Mahmood F, Matyal R. Use of Erector Spinae Plane Block in Thoracic Surgery Leads to Rapid Recovery From Anesthesia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2020;110(4):1153-1159. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.03.117 PMID:32442622
  243. Gress K, Charipova K, Jung JW, Kaye AD, Paladini A, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Urits I. A comprehensive review of partial opioid agonists for the treatment of chronic pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):449-461. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.003 PMID:33004158
  244. Herman J, Urits I, Eskander J, Kaye A, Viswanath O. Adductor Canal Block Duration of Analgesia Successfully Prolonged With Perineural Dexmedetomidine and Dexamethasone in Addition to IPACK Block for Total Knee Arthroplasty. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10566. doi:10.7759/cureus.10566 PMID:33101812
  245. Urits I, Li N, Bahrun E, Hakobyan H, Anantuni L, An D, Berger AA, Kaye AD, Paladini A, Varrassi G, Vorenkamp KE, Viswanath O. An evidence-based review of CGRP mechanisms in the propagation of chronic visceral pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):507-516. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.007 PMID:33004162
  246. Urits I, Patel A, Leider J, Anya A, Franscioni H, Jung JW, Kassem H, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. An evidence-based review of neuromodulation for the treatment and management of refractory angina. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):517-528. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.006 PMID:33004163
  247. Zhou M, Derakhshanian S, Rath A, Bertrand S, DeGraw C, Barlow R, Menard A, Kaye AM, Hasoon J, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Asenapine Transdermal Patch for the Management of Schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4):60-82. doi:10.64719/pb.4373 PMID:33012873
  248. Moka E, Paladini A, Rekatsina M, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Pergolizzi JV, Yeam CT, Varrassi G. Best practice in cardiac anesthesia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Practical recommendations. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):569-582. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.008 PMID:33004168
  249. Berger AA, Keefe J, Winnick A, Gilbert E, Eskander JP, Yazdi C, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):617-631. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.010 PMID:33004171
  250. Edinoff A, Ruoff MT, Ghaffar YT, Rezayev A, Jani D, Kaye AM, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Cariprazine to Treat Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder in Adults. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4):83-117. doi:10.64719/pb.4374 PMID:33012874
  251. Urits I, Callan J, Moore WC, Fuller MC, Renschler JS, Fisher P, Jung JW, Hasoon J, Eskander J, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):409-426. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.001 PMID:33004156
  252. Shehata IM, Elhassan A, Jung JW, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Elective cardiac surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: Proceed or postpone? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):643-650. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.07.005 PMID:33004173
  253. Rekatsina M, Paladini A, Moka E, Yeam CT, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Morgan JA, Varrassi G. Healthcare at the time of COVID-19: A review of the current situation with emphasis on anesthesia providers. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):539-551. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.07.002 PMID:33004165
  254. Berger AA, Sherburne R, Urits I, Patel H, Eskander J. Icosapent Ethyl - A Successful Treatment for Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10211. doi:10.7759/cureus.10211 PMID:33033686
  255. Puntillo F, Giglio M, Brienza N, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AD, Pergolizzi J, Paladini A, Varrassi G. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on chronic pain management: Looking for the best way to deliver care. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):529-537. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.07.001 PMID:33004164
  256. Edinoff A, Wu N, deBoisblanc C, Feltner CO, Norder M, Tzoneva V, Kaye AM, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Lumateperone for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(4):32-59. doi:10.64719/pb.4372 PMID:33012872
  257. Charipova K, Gress KL, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Management of Patients With Chronic Pain in Ambulatory Surgery Centers. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10408. doi:10.7759/cureus.10408 PMID:33062525
  258. Charipova K, Gress KL, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Maximization of Non-Opioid Multimodal Analgesia in Ambulatory Surgery Centers. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10407. doi:10.7759/cureus.10407 PMID:33062524
  259. Urits I, Markel M, Choi P, Vij N, Tran A, An D, Berger AA, Cornett E, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Minimally invasive treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):583-602. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.004 PMID:33004169
  260. Raudenská J, Steinerová V, Javůrková A, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Varrassi G. Occupational burnout syndrome and post-traumatic stress among healthcare professionals during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):553-560. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.07.008 PMID:33004166
  261. Kaye AD, Koress CM, Novitch MB, Jung JW, Urits I, Viswanath O, Renschler JS, Alpaugh ES, Cornett EM. Pharmacogenomics, concepts for the future of perioperative medicine and pain management: A review. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):651-662. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.07.004 PMID:33004174
  262. Urits I, Gress K, Charipova K, Zamarripa AM, Patel PM, Lassiter G, Jung JW, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Pharmacological options for the treatment of chronic migraine pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):383-407. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.002 PMID:33004155
  263. Kaye AD, Jeha GM, Moll V, Ward CT, Watson MR, Wynn JT, Hockstein MA, Hall KM, Viswanath O, Urits I, Prabhakar A, Cornett EM. Platelet Dysfunction Diseases and Conditions: Clinical Implications and Considerations. Adv Ther. 2020;37(9):3707-3722. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01453-4 PMID:32729008
  264. Kamath D, Mcintyre S, Peskin E, Stratman S, Agarwal N, Kamath PD, Gupta R, Schwartz R, Abd-Elsayed A, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Horn DB. Readability of Online Patient Education Materials for Interventional Pain Procedures. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10684. doi:10.7759/cureus.10684 PMID:33133850
  265. Schwartz R, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Recommendations for perioperative coronavirus (COVID-19) testing. Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management. 2020;20:100122. doi:10.1016/j.pcorm.2020.100122 PMID:32835117
  266. Zusman RP, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Eskander J. Synergistic Effect of Perineural Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine (Dex-Dex) in Extending the Analgesic Duration of Pectoral Type I and II Blocks. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10703. doi:10.7759/cureus.10703 PMID:33133868
  267. Patel M, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. The role of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):603-616. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.005 PMID:33004170
  268. Urits I, Li N, Berardino K, Artounian KA, Bandi P, Jung JW, Kaye RJ, Manchikanti L, Kaye AM, Simopoulos T, Kaye AD, Torres M, Viswanath O. The use of antineuropathic medications for the treatment of chronic pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):493-506. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.007 PMID:33004161
  269. Perchiazzi G, Pellegrini M, Chiodaroli E, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Varrassi G, Puntillo F. The use of positive end expiratory pressure in patients affected by COVID-19: Time to reconsider the relation between morphology and physiology. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):561-567. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.07.007 PMID:33004167
  270. Urits I, Pham C, Swanson D, Berardino K, Bandi P, Amgalan A, Kaye RJ, Jung JW, Kaye AD, Paladini A, Varrassi G, Kaye AM, Manchikanti L, Viswanath O. The utilization of buprenorphine in chronic pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):355-368. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.005 PMID:33004153
  271. Urits I, Charipova K, Gress K, Schaaf AL, Gupta S, Kiernan HC, Choi PE, Jung JW, Cornett E, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Treatment and management of myofascial pain syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):427-448. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.003 PMID:33004157
  272. Gress K, Charipova K, An D, Hasoon J, Kaye AD, Paladini A, Varrassi G, Viswanath O, Abd-Elsayed A, Urits I. Treatment recommendations for chronic knee osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):369-382. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.006 PMID:33004154
  273. Urits I, Gress K, Charipova K, Habib K, Lee D, Lee C, Jung JW, Kassem H, Cornett E, Paladini A, Varrassi G, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Use of cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of chronic pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):463-477. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.004 PMID:33004159
  274. Urits I, Markel M, Vij N, Ulanday J, Machek M, An D, Charipova K, Gress K, Herman JA, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Use of spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of post total knee arthroplasty pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):633-642. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.07.006 PMID:33004172
  275. Urits I, Yilmaz M, Bahrun E, Merley C, Scoon L, Lassiter G, An D, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Utilization of B12 for the treatment of chronic migraine. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(3):479-491. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.07.009 PMID:33004160
  276. Berger AA, Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Lee A. Alleviation of Chronic Low Back Pain due to Bilateral Traumatic L4 Pars Interarticularis Fractures Relieved With Steroid Injections. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9821. doi:10.7759/cureus.9821 PMID:32953331
  277. Burroughs M, Urits I, Viswanath O, Simopoulos T, Hasoon J. Benefits and shortcomings of utilizing telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 2020;33(4):699-700. doi:10.1080/08998280.2020.1792728 PMID:33100576
  278. Orhurhu V, Urits I, Olusunmade M, Olayinka A, Orhurhu MS, Uwandu C, Aner M, Ogunsola S, Akpala L, Hirji S, Viswanath O, Karri J, Simopoulos T, Gill J. Cannabis Use in Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Pain. Adv Ther. 2020;37(8):3571-3583. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01416-9 PMID:32632850
  279. Hasoon J, Burroughs M, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. COVID-19 and the Impact on Fellowship Education. Pain Physician. 2020;23(4S):S453-S454. doi:10.36076/ppj.2020/23/s453 PMID:32942801
  280. Hasoon J, Al-Jumah R, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Simopoulos T, Lee A. COVID-19 Numbers in Massachusetts and Changes Implemented at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Department of Pain Medicine. Pain Physician. 2020;23(4S):S467-S468. doi:10.36076/ppj.2020/23/s467 PMID:32942808
  281. Hasegawa M, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Orhurhu MS, Brinkman J, Giacomazzi S, Foster L, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Viswanath O. Current Concepts of Minimally Invasive Treatment Options for Plantar Fasciitis: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(9):55. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00883-7 PMID:32785856
  282. Kapoor D, Singh J, Mitra S, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I, Orhurhu V. Gnana Laryngeal Airway in Clinical Practice: A Prospective Observational Study. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2020;48(4):280-287. doi:10.5152/tjar.2019.00243 PMID:32864642
  283. Schwartz R, Urits I, Yazdi C, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Incorporating Telemedicine into Interventional Pain Practices During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pain Physician. 2020;23(4S):S455-S456. PMID:32942802
  284. Schwartz R, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Indications for Interventional Pain Procedures During a Pandemic. Pain Physician. 2020;23(4S):S461-S462. doi:10.36076/ppj.2020/23/s461 PMID:32942805
  285. Gress KL, Gallo T, Urits I, Geng X, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Woosley RL. Investigating the Impact of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents on the Corrected QT Interval. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9668. doi:10.7759/cureus.9668 PMID:32923263
  286. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Is there evidence to recommend a "cutoff" BMI for day-case eligible orthopedic surgery? J Clin Anesth. 2020;63:109776. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109776 PMID:32178851
  287. Knezevic NN, Manchikanti L, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Vangala BP, Vanaparthy R, Sanapati MR, Shah S, Soin A, Mahajan A, Atluri S, Kaye AD, Hirsch JA. Lack of Superiority of Epidural Injections with Lidocaine with Steroids Compared to Without Steroids in Spinal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pain Physician. 2020;23(4S):S239-S270. doi:10.36076/ppj.2020/23/s239 PMID:32942786
  288. Orhurhu V, Owais K, Urits I, Hunter M, Hasoon J, Salisu-Orhurhu M. Pain Management Best Practices During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Well-being Perspectives of Chronic Pain Fellows. Pain Med. 2020;21(8):1733-1735. doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa195 PMID:32647897
  289. Schwartz R, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Recommendations for Pain Physicians Utilizing Neuromodulation During the Coronavirus 19 Pandemic. Pain Physician. 2020;23(4S):S457-S458. PMID:32942803
  290. Herman J, Urits I, Urman RD, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Eskander JP. Synergistic effect of perineural dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine (Dex-Dex) in extending the analgesic duration of a transversus abdominis plane block. J Clin Anesth. 2020;63:109750. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109750 PMID:32109826
  291. Kassem H, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. The Role of COVID-19 in Shaping the Experiences of Pain Medicine Fellowship Training. Pain Physician. 2020;23(4S):S463-S464. doi:10.36076/ppj.2020/23/s463 PMID:32942806
  292. Kassem H, Urits I, Shipon S, Hasoon J, Viswanath O. The Utility of Percutaneous Balloon Kyphoplasty for Treatment of Traumatic Vertebral Compression Fracture to Prevent Opioid Dependence in a Young Opioid-Dependent Patient. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9733. doi:10.7759/cureus.9733 PMID:32944451
  293. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Thrombocytopenia and neuraxial anesthesia: Are there platelet count thresholds? J Clin Anesth. 2020;63:109751. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109751 PMID:32145501
  294. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Understanding the patterns of injuries related to endotracheal intubation. J Clin Anesth. 2020;63:109752. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109752 PMID:32147215
  295. Schwartz R, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Eskander J. Use of Erector Spinae Plane Block for Perioperative Pain Control in a Patient Undergoing Spinal Surgery. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9646. doi:10.7759/cureus.9646 PMID:32923246
  296. Urits I, Patel A, Zusman R, Virgen CG, Mousa M, Berger AA, Kassem H, Jung JW, Hasoon J, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Update of Lofexidine for the Management of Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(3):76-96. doi:10.64719/pb.4615 PMID:32733113
  297. Kamath D, McIntyre S, Byerly S, Agarwal N, Kamath P, Peskin E, Gupta R, Roy S, Schwartz R, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I, Horn DB. Descriptive Analysis of Federal and State Interventional Pain Malpractice Litigation in the United States: A Pilot Investigation. Pain Physician. 2020;23(4):413-422. doi:10.36076/ppj.2020/23/413 PMID:32709176
  298. Urits I, Gress K, Charipova K, Orhurhu V, Freeman JA, Kaye RJ, Kaye AD, Cornett E, Delahoussaye PJ, Viswanath O. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(9):48. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00887-3 PMID:32671495
  299. Urits I, Patel A, Kiernan HC, Clay CJ, Monteferrante N, Jung JW, Berger AA, Kassem H, Hasoon J, Kaye AD, Kaye AM, Viswanath O. Naldemedine for the Use of Management of Opioid Induced Constipation. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(3):97-118. doi:10.64719/pb.4616 PMID:32733114
  300. Orhurhu MS, Chu R, Claus L, Roberts J, Salisu B, Urits I, Orhurhu E, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Kaye AJ, Orhurhu V. Neuropathic Pain and Sickle Cell Disease: a Review of Pharmacologic Management. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(9):52. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00885-5 PMID:32705357
  301. Hasoon J, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O, Aner M. Role of interventional pain management in patients with chronic pelvic pain. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 2020;33(3):467-468. doi:10.1080/08998280.2020.1767462 PMID:32675991
  302. Noor NA, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye A, Eskander J. Synergistic Effect of Perineural Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine (Dex-Dex) Prolong Analgesic Effect of a Preoperative Interscalene Block. Cureus. 2020;12(7):e9473. doi:10.7759/cureus.9473 PMID:32874802
  303. Orhurhu V, Chu R, Ogunsola S, Akpala L, Orhurhu MS, Urits I, Ngo AL, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. The role of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor in chronic osteoarthritic joint pain. Ann Palliat Med. 2020;9(4):1361-1365. doi:10.21037/apm-20-888 PMID:32527133
  304. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Aner M. Utilization of Erector Spinae Plane Block in the Chronic Pain Clinic for Two Patients With Post-Thoracotomy Pain. Cureus. 2020;12(7):e8988. doi:10.7759/cureus.8988 PMID:32775070
  305. Urits I, Jones MR, Orhurhu V, Peck J, Corrigan D, Hubble A, Andrews M, Feng R, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Review of the Celiac Plexus Block for the Management of Chronic Abdominal Pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(8):42. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00878-4 PMID:32529305
  306. Capuco A, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Chun R, Shukla B, Burke M, Kaye RJ, Garcia AJ, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Review of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Postmastectomy Pain Syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(8):41. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00876-6 PMID:32529416
  307. Galasso A, Urits I, An D, Nguyen D, Borchart M, Yazdi C, Manchikanti L, Kaye RJ, Kaye AD, Mancuso KF, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Review of the Treatment and Management of Myofascial Pain Syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(8):43. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00877-5 PMID:32594264
  308. Urits I, Orhurhu V, Chesteen G, Yazdi C, Viswanath O. Acute Sialadenitis After Intubation. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2020;48(3):263. doi:10.5152/tjar.2019.47124 PMID:32551461
  309. Urits I, Clark G, An D, Wesp B, Zhou R, Amgalan A, Berger AA, Kassem H, Ngo AL, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Cornett EM, Viswanath O. An Evidence-Based Review of Fremanezumab for the Treatment of Migraine. Pain Ther. 2020;9(1):195-215. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00159-3 PMID:32222952
  310. Urits I, Lavin C, Patel M, Maganty N, Jacobson X, Ngo AL, Urman RD, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Chronic Pain Following Cosmetic Breast Surgery: A Comprehensive Review. Pain Ther. 2020;9(1):71-82. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00150-y PMID:31994018
  311. Sarrafpour S, Urits I, Powell J, Nguyen D, Callan J, Orhurhu V, Simopoulos T, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Cornett EM, Yazdi C. Considerations and Implications of Cannabidiol Use During Pregnancy. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(7):38. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00872-w PMID:32524214
  312. Urits I, Smoots D, Anantuni L, Bandi P, Bring K, Berger AA, Kassem H, Ngo AL, Abd-Elsayed A, Manchikanti L, Urman R, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Correction to: Injection Techniques for Common Chronic Pain Conditions of the Hand: A Comprehensive Review. Pain Ther. 2020;9(1):143-144. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00164-6 PMID:32236888
  313. Capuco A, Urits I, Hasoon J, Chun R, Gerald B, Wang JK, Ngo AL, Simopoulos T, Kaye AD, Colontonio MM, Parker-Actlis TQ, Fuller MC, Viswanath O. Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Depression: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(7):36. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00871-x PMID:32506238
  314. Kassem H, Urits I, Hasoon J, Kaye AD, Chesteen G, Viswanath O. Images in Practice: Multifidus Muscle Dysfunction Characterized by Fat Infiltration in a Patient with Chronic Lumbar Back Pain. Pain Ther. 2020;9(1):341-343. doi:10.1007/s40122-019-00141-8 PMID:31883059
  315. Schwartz RH, Urits I, Solomon M, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Images in Practice: Successful Recapture of Spinal Cord Stimulator Paresthesia Coverage via Generator Reprogramming in a Patient with a Severely Displaced Percutaneous Trial Lead. Pain Ther. 2020;9(1):337-339. doi:10.1007/s40122-019-00142-7 PMID:31883058
  316. Urits I, Smoots D, Franscioni H, Patel A, Fackler N, Wiley S, Berger AA, Kassem H, Urman RD, Manchikanti L, Abd-Elsayed A, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Injection Techniques for Common Chronic Pain Conditions of the Foot: A Comprehensive Review. Pain Ther. 2020;9(1):145-160. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00157-5 PMID:32107725
  317. Urits I, Smoots D, Anantuni L, Bandi P, Bring K, Berger AA, Kassem H, Ngo AL, Abd-Elsayed A, Manchikanti L, Urman R, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Injection Techniques for Common Chronic Pain Conditions of the Hand: A Comprehensive Review. Pain Ther. 2020;9(1):129-142. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00158-4 PMID:32100225
  318. Kassem H, Alexandre L, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Mandibular Nerve Block for Long-Term Pain Relief in a Case of Refractory Burning Mouth Syndrome. Pain Ther. 2020;9(1):345-347. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00154-8 PMID:32052263
  319. Urits I, Orhurhu V, Powell J, Murthy A, Kiely B, Shipon S, Kaye RJ, Kaye AD, Arron BL, Cornett EM, Viswanath O. Minimally Invasive Therapies for Osteoarthritic Hip Pain: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(7):37. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00874-8 PMID:32506251
  320. Surapaneni S, Hasoon J, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Yazdi C, Musa A, Urits I. Presentation and Management of a Postoperative Spinal Pseudomeningocele. Pain Ther. 2020;9(1):333-335. doi:10.1007/s40122-019-00139-2 PMID:31741223
  321. Schwartz RH, Urits I, Viswanath O, Urman RD, Kaye AD, Eskander JP. Successful combination of thoracodorsal interfascial plane block and erector spinae pain block for peri-operative pain control after lumbar laminectomy. J Clin Anesth. 2020;62:109705. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109705 PMID:31935574
  322. Herman J, Urits I, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Eskander JP. Synergistic effect of local dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine (Dex-Dex) in extending the analgesic effect of a transversus abdominis plane block prior to inguinal hernia repair. J Clin Anesth. 2020;62:109703. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109703 PMID:32018130
  323. Wolf J, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Peck J, Orhurhu MS, Giacomazzi S, Smoots D, Piermarini C, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Viswanath O. The Role of the Cannabinoid System in Pain Control: Basic and Clinical Implications. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(7):35. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00873-9 PMID:32506272
  324. Adamian L, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Hoyt D, Driessen R, Freeman JA, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Garcia AJ, Cornett EM, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Review of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(6):27. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00857-9 PMID:32378039
  325. Urits I, Gress K, Charipova K, Li N, Berger AA, Cornett EM, Hasoon J, Kassem H, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Cannabis Use and its Association with Psychological Disorders. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50(2):56-67. doi:10.64719/pb.4606 PMID:32508368
  326. Viswanath O, Urits I, Burns J, Charipova K, Gress K, McNally A, Urman RD, Welschmeyer A, Berger AA, Kassem H, Sanchez MG, Kaye AD, Eubanks TN, Cornett EM, Ngo AL. Central Neuropathic Mechanisms in Pain Signaling Pathways: Current Evidence and Recommendations. Adv Ther. 2020;37(5):1946-1959. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01334-w PMID:32291648
  327. Urits I, Peck J, Giacomazzi S, Patel R, Wolf J, Mathew D, Schwartz R, Kassem H, Urman RD, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Emergence Delirium in Perioperative Pediatric Care: A Review of Current Evidence and New Directions. Adv Ther. 2020;37(5):1897-1909. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01317-x PMID:32274749
  328. Ngo AL, Urits I, Yilmaz M, Fortier L, Anya A, Oh JH, Berger AA, Kassem H, Sanchez MG, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Herron EW, Cornett EM, Viswanath O. Postherpetic Neuralgia: Current Evidence on the Topical Film-Forming Spray with Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and a Review of Available Treatment Strategies. Adv Ther. 2020;37(5):2003-2016. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01335-9 PMID:32297285
  329. Schwartz RH, Urits I, Viswanath O, Urman RD, Kaye AD, Eskander JP. Use of an erector spinae plane block for perioperative pain control in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2020;61:109652. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.109652 PMID:31787494
  330. Patel R, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Orhurhu MS, Peck J, Ohuabunwa E, Sikorski A, Mehrabani A, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Helmstetter JA, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Update on the Treatment and Management of Postdural Puncture Headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(6):24. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00860-0 PMID:32323013
  331. Berger AA, Urits I, Hasoon J, Simopoulos T. Alleviation of notalgia paresthetica with duloxetine after several lines offailed treatment: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health. 2020;26:e00197. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00197 PMID:32274333
  332. Capuco A, Urits I, Hasoon J, Chun R, Gerald B, Wang JK, Kassem H, Ngo AL, Abd-Elsayed A, Simopoulos T, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Current Perspectives on Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Depression. Adv Ther. 2020;37(4):1328-1346. doi:10.1007/s12325-020-01272-7 PMID:32130662
  333. Urits I, Orhurhu V, Jones MR, Adamian L, Borchart M, Galasso A, Viswanath O. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Paediatric Anaesthesia. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2020;48(2):88-95. doi:10.5152/tjar.2019.67503 PMID:32259138
  334. Orhurhu V, Agudile E, Chu R, Urits I, Orhurhu MS, Viswanath O, Ohuabunwa E, Simopoulos T, Hirsch J, Gill J. Socioeconomic disparities in the utilization of spine augmentation for patients with osteoporotic fractures: an analysis of National Inpatient Sample from 2011 to 2015. Spine J. 2020;20(4):547-555. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2019.11.009 PMID:31740396
  335. Peck J, Urits I, Zeien J, Hoebee S, Mousa M, Alattar H, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Review of Over-the-counter Treatment for Chronic Migraine Headaches. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(5):19. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00852-0 PMID:32200435
  336. Fiocchi J, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Orhurhu MS, Giacomazzi S, Hoyt B, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Review of the Treatment and Management of Pain in Sickle Cell Disease. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(5):17. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00854-y PMID:32200490
  337. Hoyt D, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Orhurhu MS, Callan J, Powell J, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Viswanath O. Current Concepts in the Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(5):16. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00849-9 PMID:32198571
  338. Jones MR, Novitch MB, Sen S, Hernandez N, Haan JBD, Budish RA, Bailey CH, Ragusa J, Thakur P, Orhurhu V, Urits I, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Upper extremity regional anesthesia techniques: A comprehensive review for clinical anesthesiologists. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(1):e13-e29. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2019.07.005 PMID:32334792
  339. Orhurhu V, Schwartz R, Potts J, Peck J, Urits I, Orhurhu MS, Odonkor C, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Gill J. Correction to: Role of Alpha-2-Microglobulin in the Treatment of Osteoarthritic Knee Pain: a Brief Review of the Literature. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(3):9. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-0841-6 PMID:32036481
  340. Urits I, Hasegawa M, Orhurhu V, Peck J, Kelly AC, Kaye RJ, Orhurhu MS, Brinkman J, Giacomazzi S, Foster L, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Minimally Invasive Treatment of Chronic Ankle Instability: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(3):8. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-0840-7 PMID:32020393
  341. Urits I, Orhurhu V, Callan J, Maganty NV, Pousti S, Simopoulos T, Yazdi C, Kaye RJ, Eng LK, Kaye AD, Manchikanti L, Viswanath O. Sacral Insufficiency Fractures: a Review of Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, and Management. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(3):10. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-0848-z PMID:32067155
  342. Kassem H, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Finding Suitable Alternatives to Opioids for Postoperative Pain Control. Pain Physician. 2020;23(1):E69-E70. doi:10.36076/ppj.2020/23/e69 PMID:32013293
  343. Viswanath O, Urits I. Interventional treatments for chronic pelvic pain caused by myometrial cysts. Case Rep Womens Health. 2020;25:e00161. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2019.e00161 PMID:31867223
  344. Urits I, Cai V, Aner M, Simopoulos T, Orhurhu V, Nagda J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Hess PE, Gill J. Post Dural Puncture Headache, Managed with Epidural Blood Patch, Is Associated with Subsequent Chronic Low Back Pain in Patients: a Pilot Study. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(1):1. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-0834-5 PMID:31916041
  345. Hasoon J, Berger AA, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O, Aner M. Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain after Tarlov cyst surgery in a 66-year-old woman: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health. 2020;25:e00171. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00171 PMID:31956516
  346. Berger AA, Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Gill J. 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation for Combined Alleviation of Post-Laminectomy Syndrome and Chronic Abdominal Pain: A Case Report. J Pain Res. 2020;13:873-875. doi:10.2147/jpr.s244084 PMID:32431535
  347. Urits I, Amgalan A, Israel J, Dugay C, Zhao A, Berger AA, Kassem H, Paladini A, Varrassi G, Kaye AD, Miriyala S, Viswanath O. A comprehensive review of the treatment and management of Charcot spine. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2020;12:1759720X20979497. doi:10.1177/1759720x20979497 PMID:33414850
  348. Urits I, Israel J, Hakobyan H, Yusin G, Lassiter G, Fackler N, Berger AA, Kassem H, Kaye A, Viswanath O. Baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatologia. 2020;58(6):407-415. doi:10.5114/reum.2020.102006 PMID:33456084
  349. Hasoon J, Urits I, Viswanath O, Orhurhu V, Munnur U. Cerebrospinal fluid removal during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery in a patient with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2020;52(3):259-260. doi:10.5114/ait.2020.97946 PMID:32876416
  350. Herman J, Viswanath O, Urits I. COVID-19: Airway management considerations. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2020;52(4):339-340. doi:10.5114/ait.2020.100499 PMID:33165885
  351. Jones MR, Urits I, Wolf J, Corrigan D, Colburn L, Peterson E, Williamson A, Viswanath O. Drug-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Narrative Review. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2020;15(1):38-48. doi:10.2174/1574884714666190121154813 PMID:30666914
  352. Hasoon J, Berger A, Urits I, Orhurhu V. Greater occipital nerve blocks for the treatment of postdural puncture headache after labor epidural. Saudi J Anaesth. 2020;14(2):262-263. doi:10.4103/sja.sja_632_19 PMID:32317891
  353. Abd-Elsayed AA, Hao D, Chu R, Urits I, Viswanath O, Orhurhu V. Hydroxychloroquine Use in Patients With COVID-19: A Brief Perspective on Current Clinical Trials. Ochsner J. 2020;20(4):350-357. doi:10.31486/toj.20.0124 PMID:33408570
  354. Hasoon J, Orhurhu V, Urits I. Negative pressure pulmonary edema following laryngospasm. Saudi J Anaesth. 2020;14(2):265-266. doi:10.4103/sja.sja_604_19 PMID:32317893
  355. Schwartz R, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Surgical Treatment of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fracture with Neurological Deficit-A Nationwide Study in Japan -A Pain Physician's Perspective. Spine Surg Relat Res. 2020;4(3):290-291. doi:10.22603/ssrr.2020-0006 PMID:32864501
  356. Kaye AD, Renschler J, Cramer K, Klein K, Granier A, Hart B, Kassem H, Urits I, Cornett E, Viswanath O. The role of clinical pharmacology in enhanced recovery after surgery protocols: a comprehensive review. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2020;52(2):154-164. doi:10.5114/ait.2020.95020 PMID:32419436
  357. Hasoon J, Berger AA, Urits I. Treatment options for patients suffering from failed back surgery syndrome. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2020;52(5):440-441. doi:10.5114/ait.2020.101043 PMID:33242936
  358. Urits I, Osman M, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Simopoulos T, Yazdi C. A Case Study of Combined Perception-Based and Perception-Free Spinal Cord Stimulator Therapy for the Management of Persistent Pain after a Total Knee Arthroplasty. Pain Ther. 2019;8(2):281-284. doi:10.1007/s40122-019-00136-5 PMID:31432457
  359. Urits I, Peck J, Chesteen G, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O. An acute presentation of cervical pain: Crowned dens syndrome. J Clin Anesth. 2019;58:117-118. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.03.028 PMID:31154283
  360. Urits I, Orhurhu V, Jones M, Hoyt D, Seats A, Viswanath O. Current Perspectives on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in the Ageing Population. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2019;47(6):439-447. doi:10.5152/tjar.2019.75299 PMID:31828240
  361. Schwartz RH, Urits I, Viswanath O. Extensive Degeneration of Vertebral Body Leading to Baastrup's Disease: A Radiographic Review of an Image. Pain Ther. 2019;8(2):285-287. doi:10.1007/s40122-019-00138-3 PMID:31686398
  362. Schwartz R, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Opioids and the Predilection for Violence in the Pain Clinic: A Physician's Perspective. Pain Ther. 2019;8(2):159-161. doi:10.1007/s40122-019-00134-7 PMID:31432458
  363. Urits I, Ostling PS, Novitch MB, Burns JC, Charipova K, Gress KL, Kaye RJ, Eng MR, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Truncal regional nerve blocks in clinical anesthesia practice. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2019;33(4):559-571. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2019.07.013 PMID:31791571
  364. Urits I, Chesteen G, Viswanath O. Arachnoiditis Ossificans of the Lumbosacral Spine. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2019;47(5):427-428. doi:10.5152/tjar.2019.63239 PMID:31572998
  365. Berger AA, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O, Hasoon J. Brachioradial pruritus in a 52-year-old woman: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health. 2019;24:e00157. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2019.e00157 PMID:31763184
  366. Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Cornett EM, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O, Prabhakar A. The role of sugammadex, a novel cyclodextrin compound in modern anesthesia practice: conventional neuromuscular physiology and clinical pharmacology. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2019;12(10):917-919. doi:10.1080/17512433.2019.1659134 PMID:31460805
  367. Urits I, Jones MR, Orhurhu V, Sikorsky A, Seifert D, Flores C, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Update of Current Anesthesia Perspectives on Therapeutic Hypothermia. Adv Ther. 2019;36(9):2223-2232. doi:10.1007/s12325-019-01019-z PMID:31301055
  368. Orhurhu MS, Salisu B, Sottosanti E, Abimbola N, Urits I, Jones M, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Simopoulos T, Orhurhu V. Chronic Pain Practices: An Evaluation of Positive and Negative Online Patient Reviews. Pain Physician. 2019;22(5):E477-E486. doi:10.36076/ppj/2019.22.e477 PMID:31561660
  369. Orhurhu V, Olusunmade M, Akinola Y, Urits I, Orhurhu MS, Viswanath O, Hirji S, Kaye AD, Simopoulos T, Gill JS. Depression Trends in Patients with Chronic Pain: An Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Pain Physician. 2019;22(5):E487-E494. PMID:31561661
  370. Schwartz RH, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Eskander J. Extended Pain Relief Utilizing Lumbar Erector Spinae Plane Block in a Patient with Discogenic Low Back Pain. Pain Physician. 2019;22(5):E519-E521. doi:10.36076/ppj/2019.22.e519 PMID:31561666
  371. Orhurhu V, Schwartz R, Potts J, Peck J, Urits I, Orhurhu MS, Odonkor C, Viswanath O, Kaye A, Gill J. Role of Alpha-2-Microglobulin in the Treatment of Osteoarthritic Knee Pain: a Brief Review of the Literature. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(11):82. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0822-9 PMID:31502073
  372. Jones MR, Urits I, Ehrhardt KP, Cefalu JN, Kendrick JB, Park DJ, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Review of Trigeminal Neuralgia. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(10):74. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0810-0 PMID:31388843
  373. Urits I, Charipova K, Gress K, Laughlin P, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Expanding Role of the Erector Spinae Plane Block for Postoperative and Chronic Pain Management. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(10):71. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0812-y PMID:31372769
  374. Urits I, Gress K, Charipova K, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Recent Advances in the Understanding and Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(10):70. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0811-z PMID:31372847
  375. Urits I, Adamian L, Fiocchi J, Hoyt D, Ernst C, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Advances in the Understanding and Management of Chronic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(8):59. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0800-2 PMID:31342191
  376. Urits I, Hubble A, Peterson E, Orhurhu V, Ernst CA, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. An Update on Cognitive Therapy for the Management of Chronic Pain: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(8):57. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0794-9 PMID:31292747
  377. Viswanath O, Urits I. Buprenorphine as an adjuvant to local anesthetics in peripheral nerve blocks. Korean J Pain. 2019;32(3):231-232. doi:10.3344/kjp.2019.32.3.231 PMID:31257833
  378. Urits I, Peck J, Orhurhu MS, Wolf J, Patel R, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Off-label Antidepressant Use for Treatment and Management of Chronic Pain: Evolving Understanding and Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(9):66. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0803-z PMID:31359175
  379. Urits I, Viswanath O, Galasso AC, Sottosani ER, Mahan KM, Aiudi CM, Kaye AD, Orhurhu VJ. Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Low Back Pain: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(7):52. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0797-6 PMID:31270622
  380. Orhurhu V, Akinola O, Grandhi R, Urits I, Abd-Elsayed A. Radiofrequency Ablation for Management of Shoulder Pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(8):56. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0791-z PMID:31292738
  381. Urits I, Capuco A, Sharma M, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Cornett EM, Orhurhu V. Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(9):65. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0804-y PMID:31359164
  382. Orhurhu V, Urits I, Grandhi R, Abd-Elsayed A. Systematic Review of Radiofrequency Ablation for Management of Knee Pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(8):55. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0792-y PMID:31286282
  383. Urits I, Chesteen G, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O. Teaching NeuroImages: Cervical synovial cyst leading to spinal cord compression. Neurology. 2019;93(3):e318-e319. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000007780 PMID:31308173
  384. Urits I, Seifert D, Seats A, Giacomazzi S, Kipp M, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Treatment Strategies and Effective Management of Phantom Limb-Associated Pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(9):64. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0802-0 PMID:31359171
  385. Orhurhu V, Olusunmade M, Urits I, Viswanath O, Peck J, Orhurhu MS, Adekoya P, Hirji S, Sampson J, Simopoulos T, Jatinder G. Trends of Opioid Use Disorder Among Hospitalized Patients With Chronic Pain. Pain Pract. 2019;19(6):656-663. doi:10.1111/papr.12789 PMID:31077526
  386. Urits I, Borchart M, Hasegawa M, Kochanski J, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O. An Update of Current Cannabis-Based Pharmaceuticals in Pain Medicine. Pain Ther. 2019;8(1):41-51. doi:10.1007/s40122-019-0114-4 PMID:30721403
  387. Orhurhu V, Urits I, Orhurhu MS, Odonkor C, Olatoye D, Viswanath O. Confounding variables in future studies assessing relationship between paraspinal muscles and low back pain. Spine J. 2019;19(6):1132-1133. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2019.01.012 PMID:31122605
  388. Jones MR, Prabhakar A, Viswanath O, Urits I, Green JB, Kendrick JB, Brunk AJ, Eng MR, Orhurhu V, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Pain Ther. 2019;8(1):5-18. doi:10.1007/s40122-019-0124-2 PMID:31037504
  389. Viswanath O, Urits I, Bouley E, Peck JM, Thompson W, Kaye AD. Evolving Spinal Cord Stimulation Technologies and Clinical Implications in Chronic Pain Management. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(6):39. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0778-9 PMID:31044337
  390. Viswanath O, Urits I, Jones MR, Peck JM, Kochanski J, Hasegawa M, Anyama B, Kaye AD. Membrane Stabilizer Medications in the Treatment of Chronic Neuropathic Pain: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(6):37. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0774-0 PMID:31044330
  391. Viswanath O, Beyer N, Urits I, Kaye AD. Patient Negativity as an Obstacle to the Treatment of Chronic Pain and a Role for Cognitive Bias Modification. Pain Physician. 2019;22(3):E233-E234. doi:10.36076/ppj/2019.22.e233 PMID:31151346
  392. Urits I, Petro J, Viswanath O, Aner M. Retrograde placement of an intrathecal catheter for chronic low pelvic cancer pain. J Clin Anesth. 2019;54:43-44. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2018.10.020 PMID:30391451
  393. Viswanath O, Orhurhu V, Urits I. Obtaining Pentosidine Levels as an Adjunct to Determine a Patient's Candidacy for Vertebral Stabilization for a Vertebral Compression Fracture. Asian Spine J. 2019;13(2):357-358. doi:10.31616/asj.2018.0327 PMID:30959589
  394. Urits I, Jones MR, Gress K, Charipova K, Fiocchi J, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. CGRP Antagonists for the Treatment of Chronic Migraines: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(5):29. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0768-y PMID:30874961
  395. Jones MR, Urits I, Shnider MR, Matyal R. Confirmation of Erector Spinae Plane Block Analgesia for 3 Distinct Scenarios: A Case Report. A A Pract. 2019;12(5):141-144. doi:10.1213/xaa.0000000000000865 PMID:30130282
  396. Urits I, Burshtein A, Sharma M, Testa L, Gold PA, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O, Jones MR, Sidransky MA, Spektor B, Kaye AD. Low Back Pain, a Comprehensive Review: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(3):23. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0757-1 PMID:30854609
  397. Urits I, Viswanath O, Orhurhu V, Gress K, Charipova K, Kaye AD, Ngo A. The Utilization of Mu-Opioid Receptor Biased Agonists: Oliceridine, an Opioid Analgesic with Reduced Adverse Effects. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(5):31. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0773-1 PMID:30880365
  398. Urits I, Viswanath O, Petro J, Aner M. Management of dural puncture headache caused by caudal epidural steroid injection. J Clin Anesth. 2019;52:67-68. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2018.09.004 PMID:30216928
  399. Urits I, Viswanath O, Orhurhu V, Petro J, Cai V. Sphenopalatine ganglion block in combination with greater and lesser occipital nerve blocks for the management of post dural puncture headache. J Clin Anesth. 2019;52:69-70. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2018.09.015 PMID:30218883
  400. Orhurhu V, Urits I, Orman S, Viswanath O, Abd-Elsayed A. A Systematic Review of Radiofrequency Treatment of the Ankle for the Management of Chronic Foot and Ankle Pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(1):4. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0745-5 PMID:30661127
  401. Urits I, Viswanath O, Aner M. Dural Sac Extension to the S4 Level. Pain Med. 2019;20(1):196-197. doi:10.1093/pm/pny201 PMID:30380108
  402. Urits I, Jones M, Patel R, Adamian L, Seifert D, Thompson W, Viswanath O. Minimally Invasive Interventional Management of Osteoarthritic Chronic Knee Pain. J Knee Surg. 2019;32(1):72-79. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1676071 PMID:30500975
  403. Urits I, Orhurhu V, Charipova K, Delfin E, Viswanath O, Ngo A. Cardiac implantable electronic device discharge during intrathoracic tumour radiofrequency ablation. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2019;51(3):249-252. doi:10.5114/ait.2019.87331 PMID:31434467
  404. Urits I, Viswanath O, Orhurhu V, Cai V, Aner M. Expanding the Perisurgical Home to Improve Postoperative Pain Management and Reduce Opioid Consumption. Ochsner J. 2019;19(2):68-69. doi:10.31486/toj.19.0029 PMID:31258416
  405. Ngo AL, Orhurhu V, Urits I, Delfin EO, Sharma M, Jones MR, Viswanath O, Urman RD. Extended release granisetron: Review of pharmacologic considerations and clinical role in the perioperative setting. Saudi J Anaesth. 2019;13(3):231-236. doi:10.4103/sja.sja_817_18 PMID:31333369
  406. Orhurhu V, Urits I, Olusunmade M, Owais K, Jones M, Galasso A, Orhurhu MS, Mohammed I. Trends of Co-Morbid Depression in Hospitalized Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: An Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Pain Ther. 2018;7(2):217-226. doi:10.1007/s40122-018-0104-y PMID:30218424
  407. Urits I, Shen AH, Jones MR, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Current Concepts and Treatment Options. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2018;22(2):10. doi:10.1007/s11916-018-0667-7 PMID:29404787
  408. Urits I, Viswanath O, Petro J, Yazdi C. Building a Bridge Between Primary and Perioperative Care: Addressing the Challenges of Perioperative Buprenorphine Maintenance and Postdischarge Therapy. Ochsner J. 2018;18(4):305-307. doi:10.31486/toj.18.0146 PMID:30559613
  409. Carpenter SR, Urits I, Murthi AM. Porous metals and alternate bearing surfaces in shoulder arthroplasty. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2016;9(1):59-66. doi:10.1007/s12178-016-9319-x PMID:26797775
  410. Urits I, Mukherjee P, Meidenbauer J, Seyfried TN. Dietary restriction promotes vessel maturation in a mouse astrocytoma. J Oncol. 2012;2012:264039. doi:10.1155/2012/264039 PMID:22253625
  411. Mulrooney TJ, Marsh J, Urits I, Seyfried TN, Mukherjee P. Influence of caloric restriction on constitutive expression of NF-κB in an experimental mouse astrocytoma. PLoS One. 2011;6(3):e18085. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018085 PMID:21479220
  412. Shelton LM, Mukherjee P, Huysentruyt LC, Urits I, Rosenberg JA, Seyfried TN. A novel pre-clinical in vivo mouse model for malignant brain tumor growth and invasion. J Neurooncol. 2010;99(2):165-76. doi:10.1007/s11060-010-0115-y PMID:20069342

Additional Journal Articles

  1. Shehata IM, Masood W, Daebis A, Gamal I, Urits I, Viswanath O, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Airway management considerations in patients with vocal fold implants. Front Anesthesiol. 2023;2:1209229. doi:10.3389/fanes.2023.1209229
  2. Swanson D, Lewis K, Thornhill K, Fabian I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. An update on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of sphenopalatine neuralgia. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;8(3):286. doi:10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20220486
  3. Eskander JP, Peregrim S, Ryan L, Syed Z, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD. Proposing Vascepa (Icosapent Ethyl) as supplemental treatment targeting the underlying causes of persistent, post-viral symptoms associated with COVID-19: a case series. J Clin Images Rep. 2022;1(3). doi:10.47363/jcir/2022(1)106
  4. Ong SY, Moll V, Moser B, Prabhakar A, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Imani F, Moradi Moghadam O, Varrassi G, Urits I, Viswanath O. Intubating through supraglottic airway devices: a narrative review. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;11(3):e113719. doi:10.5812/aapm.113719
  5. Hernandez SH, Schwartz RH, Noor NA, Urits I, Viswanath O. Management of acute intraoperative atrial fibrillation during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. ASA Monit. 2021;85(2):32. doi:10.1097/01.asm.0000733876.29307.75
  6. Herman JA, Urits I, Kaye AD, Urman RD, Viswanath O. Preventing patient pressure injury in the operating room and the intensive care unit. Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management. 2020;21:100102. doi:10.1016/j.pcorm.2020.100102
  7. Urits I. Case at a glance: radiographic findings of a symptomatic lumbar synovial cyst causing radiculopathy. Pain Management Case Reports. 2020:225-226. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2020/4/225
  8. Herman JA, Urits I, Urman RD, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Does performing a large diversity of complex procedures make hospitals safer? Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management. 2020;20:100093. doi:10.1016/j.pcorm.2020.100093
  9. Urits I. Case at a glance: radiographic evidence of percutaneously implanted spinal cord stimulator lead migration. Pain Management Case Reports. 2020:111-112. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2020/4/111
  10. Urits I. Epidural cement leakage during kyphoplasty leading to radiculopathy. Pain Management Case Reports. 2019:191-192. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2019/3/191
  11. Urits I. Spinal seroma in a patient with lumbar fusion. Pain Management Case Reports. 2019:165-166. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2019/3/165
  12. Urits I. Intracranial hypotension secondary to a cerebrospinal fluid leak. Pain Management Case Reports. 2019:131-132. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2019/3/131
  13. Urits I. Diagnosis and spontaneous resolution of an epidural hematoma in a patient presenting after cervical epidural steroid injection. Pain Management Case Reports. 2018:213-219. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2018/2/213
  14. Urits I. Diagrammatic analysis of subarachnoid contrast spread in the contralateral oblique view: a technical report. Pain Management Case Reports. 2018:141-144. doi:10.36076/pmcr.2018/2/141

Posters and Abstracts

  1. Erosa SA, Dickerson DM, Urits I, Wang J, Huffman WJ, Crosby ND, Boggs JW. ID: 316638 real-world outcomes from 60-day PNS used for pain in the cluneal nerve distribution: retrospective review. Neuromodulation. 2024;27(7 Suppl):S16. doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2024.06.035
  2. Gill JS, Kohan LR, Hasoon JJ, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Yazdi C, Simopoulos TT. ID:16465 contralateral and lateral views: analysis of the technical aspects of spinal cord stimulator lead insertion. Neuromodulation. 2022;25(5 Suppl):S31. doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2022.02.041
  3. Herman J, Hall E, Michael J, Viswanath O, Kaye A, Urits I. Efficacy of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for migraine and vestibular migraine prevention. Florida Society of Anesthesiologists (FSA) Annual Meeting. 2021. Poster P025.
  4. Haddad HW, Pham AD, Temple SN, et al. The Role of Vitamin D in the Management of Chronic Pain in Fibromyalgia: A Narrative Review. ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E946.
  5. Kaye AD, Pham AD, Ridgell S, et al. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: Techniques and Clinical Efficacy. ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E939.
  6. Maxey BS, Pham AD, Pruitt JW, et al. Occipital Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Migraine. ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E936.
  7. Kaye AD, Pham AD, Edinoff AN, et al. Novel Interventional Techniques for Chronic Pain with Minimally Invasive Arthrodesis of the Sacroiliac Joint: (INSITE, iFuse, Tricor, Rialto, and others). ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E933.
  8. Kaye AD, Pham AD, Edinoff AN, et al. Novel interventional techniques for chronic pain: spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease: MILD percutaneous image guided lumbar decompression, Vertiflex interspinous spacer, MinuteMan G3, and Interspinous-interlaminar fusion. ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E932.
  9. Nadherny WC, Pham AD, Fiala K, et al. Efficacy of Electrical Spinal Cord Stimulation with Neuromodulating Medications. ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E924.
  10. Berger AA, Pham AD, Liu Y, et al. Efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic abdominal pain. ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E923.
  11. Kaneb A, Pham AD, Hanukaai JS, et al. Calcitonin (FORTICAL, MIACALCIN) for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs). ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E919.
  12. Crane J, Pham AD, Viswanath O, et al. A Comprehensive Update of the Treatment and Management of Bertolotti's Syndrome: A Best Practices Review. ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E915.
  13. Noor N, Pham AD, Urits I, et al. A Comprehensive Update of the Current Understanding of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E914.
  14. Urits I, Pham AD, Schwartz RH, et al. A Comprehensive Review of Alternative Therapies for the Management of Chronic Pain Patients: Acupuncture, Tai Chi, Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, and Chiropractic Care. ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E913.
  15. Berger AA, Pham AD, Liu Y, et al. Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) and Chronic Pain. ASIPP 2021 abstract/poster. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E905.
  16. Berger AA, Sherburne R, Urits I, Viswanath O, Patel H, Eskander JP. 658: icosapent ethyl (Vascepa) for the treatment of acute severe pancreatitis. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(1 Suppl):324. doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000728520.68398.c4
  17. Herman J, Urits I, Urman R, Kaye A, Viswanath O, Eskander J. Adductor canal block and IPACK block duration of analgesia successfully prolonged with perineural dexmedetomidine and dexamethasone (Dex-Dex) for total knee arthroplasty postoperative analgesia: a case series. Florida Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting. West Palm Beach, FL. June 2020.
  18. Noor N, Schwartz R, Volsky A, Urits I, Viswanath O, Urman R, Kaye A, Eskander J. Successful combination of thoracolumbar interfacial plane block and erector spinal pain block for peri-operative pain control after lumbar laminectomy. Florida Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting. West Palm Beach, FL. June 2020.
  19. Kassem H, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Eskander JP. Radiographic findings of a symptomatic Tarlov cyst in a patient presenting with bilateral lower extremity radiculopathy. Florida Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting. West Palm Beach, FL. June 2020.
  20. Schwartz R, Southerland W, Urits I, Kaye A, Viswanath O. Successful re-implantation of spinal cord stimulator one year after device removal due to infection. Florida Society of Anesthesiologists Annual Meeting. West Palm Beach, FL. June 2020.
  21. Urits I, Schwartz R, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Eskander J. Successful use of erector spinae plane block for peri - operative pain control in patient undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. American Society of Regional Anesthesia (ASRA) 18th Annual Pain Medicine Meeting. New Orleans, LA. November 2019.
  22. Schwartz R, Urits I, Solomon M, Oppenheimer J, Kaye A, Viswanath O. Novel presentation of severe retropulsion of lumbar spine without neurological deficits. American Society of Regional Anesthesia (ASRA) 18th Annual Pain Medicine Meeting. New Orleans, LA. November 2019.
  23. Schwartz R, Urits I, Shipon S, Oppenheimer J, Viswanath O. Successful recapture of spinal cord stimulator parasthesia coverage via generator reprogramming in a patient with severely displaced percutaneous trial lead. American Society of Regional Anesthesia (ASRA) 18th Annual Pain Medicine Meeting. New Orleans, LA. November 2019.
  24. Jones MR, Urits I, Ehrhardt K, Cefalu J, Kendrick J, Park DJ, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. A Comprehensive Review of Trigeminal Neuralgia. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  25. Urits I, Adamian L, Fiocchi J, Hoyt D, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Advances in the Understanding and Management of Chronic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  26. Orhurhu MS, Ehrhardt KP, Kaye AD, Motejunas M, Salisu B, Sottosanti E, Abimbola N, Urits I, Visswanath O, Jatinder G, Simopoulos T, Orhurhu V. Chronic Pain Practices: An Evaluation of Positive and Negative Online Patient Reviews. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  27. Urits I, Hubble A, Peterson E, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O. An Update in Cognitive Therapy for the Management of Chronic Pain. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  28. Orhurhu V, Olusunmade M, Akinola Y, Urits I, Aiudi C, Orhurhu MS, Viswanath O, Hirji S, Aner M, Ehrhardt KP, Motejunas M, Kaye AD, Simopoulos T, Jatinder G. Depression Trends in Chronic Pain Patients: An Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  29. Urits I, Charipova K, Gress K, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Expanding Role of the Erector Spinae Plane Block for Postoperative and Chronic Pain Management. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  30. Urits I, Peck J, Wolf J, Patel R, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O. Off Label Antidepressant Use for Treatment and Management of Chronic Pain. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  31. Urits I, Gress K, Charipova K, Orhurhu V, Kaye AD, Viswanath O. Recent Advances in the Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  32. Urits I, Capuco A, Sharma M, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Orhurhu, V. Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  33. Urits I, Seifert D, Seats A, Giacomazzi S, Kaye AD, Orhurhu V, Viswanath O. Treatment Strategies and Effective Management of Phantom Limb Associated Pain. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  34. Urits I, Viswanath O, Galasso A, Sottosanti E, Mahan K, Aiudi C, Kaye AD, Orhurhu V. Platelet Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Low Back Pain: A Comprehensive Review. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  35. Orhurhu V, Olusunmade M, Urits I, Ngo A, Aner M, Simopoulos T, Gill JS. Spinal Cord Stimulator Therapy in Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample. North American Neuromodulation Society Annual Meeting. Las Vegas, NV. January 2019.
  36. Ngo A, Piszel B, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Jones MR, Delfin EO, Gill JS, Simopoulos TT, Cases HJ, Kaye AD, Boswell MV. Practical Roadmap for the Intervention of Pain: The 3-Step “Spine Intervention Ladder.” North American Neuromodulation Society Annual Meeting. Las Vegas, NV. January 2019.
  37. Aner M, Urits I, Petro J, Viswanath O. Retrograde placement of an intrathecal pump catheter for the management of low pelvic and sacral cancer related pain. Interventional Cancer Pain Symposium 2018: Technical Workshop in Advanced Therapies. New York, NY. September 2018.
  38. Graham JA, Smirniotopoulos J, Nusbaum JD, Urits I, Johnson LB, MD. Laparoscopic Assisted Distal Pancreatectomy and Splenectomy Offers Many Advantages as Compared to the Conventional Open Approach. Georgetown University Hospital, Department of Surgery, Washington, DC. 2012.

Oral Presentations

  1. Urits I, O’Gara B, Body S, Ramachandran K, Gill J. The occurrence of post dural puncture headache and treatment with an epidural blood patch may be associated with subsequent chronic low back pain in parturients. Grand Rounds Presentation. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA. March 2020.
  2. Urits I, Cai V, Aner M, Simopoulos T, Orhurhu V, Nagda J, Hess PE, Gill J. Dural Puncture, Post Dural Puncture Headache, and Epidural Blood Patch is Associated with Chronic Low Back Pain in Parturients. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Annual Conference. Oral Presentation. Las Vegas, NV. May 2019.
  3. Urits I, Olusunmade M, Orhurhu V, Salisu M, Ngo A, Aner M, Gill J, Simopoulos T. Depression Rates Amongst Patients with Spinal Cord Stimulator Implants: Analysis of a Nationwide Inpatient Sample. North American Neuromodulation Society. Annual Meeting. January 2019.
  4. Urits I, Owais K, Jennings M. Root Cause Analysis: Hypoxic Respiratory Arrest During Transport. Grand Rounds Presentation. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. November 2017.
  5. Urits I, Govindan S, Ramachandran K. Bronchospasm during general anesthesia. Grand Rounds Presentation. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. November 2017.
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